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| involuntary expressions of emotion and are usually nonverbal cues |
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| voluntary expressions that stand for or represent something |
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| involves anticipating a reaction to a message rather than waiting for the person's feedback |
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| cognitive/emotional meaning |
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| feeling such as sadness, surprise, and curiosity; usually expressed directly in the form of signs |
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| contractual shared meaning |
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| two parties give up something they would rather not part with to get something valuable from the other person |
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| interpersonal communication |
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| exchange of messages between two people who are either in the same room or connected through technology (phone, computer) |
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involves a person’s ability to correctly interpret and remember the content of another person’s message |
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| thought speed vs talk speed |
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think at a speed of 400 wpm, talk at 125 wpm |
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a response that accepts the content level of the conversation and accepts the experience or emotion the person presents |
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| denies a person’s experience or feelings and, consequently, the other’s feelings of self-worth |
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a type of confirmation; we validate another person’s experience or emotional reactions but disagree with the content of the message |
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| provides important expressive rewards to any organizational relationship; open-mindedness, listening with enthusiasm, displaying concern for speaker, exchanging ideas |
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| a formal method of role taking that is useful for larger audiences |
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situational variables of audience analysis |
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| first step in audience analysis, including occasion, audience size, organizational culture, environment and time considerations |
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| important to understand these before preparing the presentation, demographics and captivity (voluntary/non), predisposition toward the speaker and topic |
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| knows little about the topic, positive attitude |
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| knows little about the topic, negative attitude |
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| no knowledge and isn’t favorable or unfavorable about it |
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informed audience that is favorable toward subject |
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| knowledgeable, disagrees with viewpoint of speaker |
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| the power of a over b is equal to the dependence that b has on a |
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| 2 types of organizational politics |
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| communications including threats, promises, negotiations, orders, coalition formations, other strategies to influence others and fulfill self/organizational interest |
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process by which employees decide which issues to raise in public, what arguments to present, which battles to fight, and how to fight them |
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| Resource control, Interpersonal network, Communication skills, Expertise |
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| displaying traits that are rewarded by the organization |
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| gender discrimination paired with abuse of organizational power |
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| types of sexual harrassment |
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| verbal commentaries, verbal negotiations, physical manhandling, physical assault |
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| 2 types of solutions for sexual harrassment |
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Definition
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| formal solution for sexual harrassment |
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| creating policies against sexual harassment, communicating those policies throughout the organization, training employees to stop harassment and enforcing the rules so perpetrators are punished; filing a formal grievance or lawsuit |
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| informal solutions for sexual harrassment |
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face-to-face communication with the harasser |
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| informal solutions to sexual harrassment three types |
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Definition
nonassertive- avoidance face saving non-face saving |
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face-saving (informal solution to sexual harrassment) |
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Definition
assertive assertive empathetic rhetorical multifunctional |
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non face-saving (informal sexual harrassment solution) |
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threat agressive message overt manipulation |
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| 3 goals of strategies to address harrassment |
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Definition
get the harassment stopped, maintain employment, manage own well-being |
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| consider personal experience and interest |
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| specific purpose statement |
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Definition
focuses the speech on one aspect of a larger topic; states the audience outcome that the speaker desires |
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| full sentence outline of virtually everything the speaker intends to say; allows speaker to test the structure, the logic, and the persuasive appeals in the speech |
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abbreviated version of the preparation outline; forces the speaker to select words and phrases on the spot |
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more meaningful when combined with comparisons |
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| what the introduction should do (4) |
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Definition
| gain attention, justify the topic, clarify the speaker’s credibility, preview main points |
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| what the conclusion should do (2) |
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reviews main ideas, emphasizes the specific purpose statement |
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| follows a time pattern that moves from earliest to latest or first to last |
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| follows a geographical or directional pattern when something is covered from top to bottom or right to left |
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| describes how one event leads to another, useful in technical presentations |
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| problem-solution structure |
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| defines a difficulty and suggests a remedy, popular is proposal and sales presentations |
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| monroe's motivated sequence structure |
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| problem-solution structure with visualization and action |
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narrative, argument, refutation |
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| encourage active listening and make listeners more willing to complete practical syllogisms; envy, fear, pride, dread |
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| move from general principles to the application of those principles in specific cases |
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| 3 types of deductive reasoning |
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casual reasoning argument from sign syllogistic arguments |
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Term
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| connects 2 events and claims that the second event is produced by the first |
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| based on the idea that when we see something, we infer that it represents or stands for the occurrence of something else |
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the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion |
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| move from particular observations to general conclusions |
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| types of inductive reasoning (4) |
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examples analogy testimony statistics |
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| specific instances that illustrate a larger point |
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| comparisons between 2 similar objects, events, instances, or people; what’s true of one is also true of the other |
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| a direct quotation by or paraphrase of witness, experts, or other informed sources |
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| collection of individual examples delivered as raw numbers or averages |
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| an argument that addresses and eliminates objections to the proposal |
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denial minimalization exposing inconsistencies turning the table |
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| counters an objection by saying it is not true |
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| refutation- minimalization |
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Definition
| suggests the counterargument is true, but that its significance in relation to other issues is minimal |
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| refutation- exposing inconsistencies |
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| undermines the opposition’s credibility, thereby helping your case |
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| refutation- turning the tables |
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| although the objection is accurate, it actually supports rather than denies your proposal |
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