Term
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Definition
| Result of Restriction endonucleases that cleave double-stranded DNA |
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Term
| Methylation of endogenous DNA |
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Definition
| How bacteria protect their own DNA from degradation. |
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Term
| What needs to happen in order for eukaryotic proteins to be expressed in E.coli? |
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Definition
| Removal of introns, addition of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence to mRNA, post-translational modifications, chaperones need to be added |
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Term
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Definition
| Plasmid that contains gene of interest |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mRNAs expressed in a cell, used as cDNA templates |
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Term
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Definition
| cells are removed, altered, and given back |
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Term
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Definition
| virus infect tissue directly |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease that makes the immune system non functional |
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Term
| Processing of long dsRNA to siRNA |
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Definition
| dsRNA is cleaved by RNAse to produce 21-25bp dsRNA |
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Term
| Assembly of RNA-induces silencing complex (RISC) |
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Definition
| one strand of siRNA (guide strand) is assembled into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) that cleaves target mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| produces small RNA from longer precoursors |
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Term
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Definition
| Core component of all silencing complexes (RISC) |
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Term
| DNA replication takes place only |
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Definition
| Once each generation in each cell |
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Term
| Errors in replication occur spontaneously only once in ever |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA replication takes place only once |
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Definition
| each generation in each cells |
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Term
| Errors in replication occur spontaneously |
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Definition
| only once in every 10^9 to 10^10 BP |
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Term
| Errors in hydrogen bonding |
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Definition
| lead to errors in a growing DNA chain once very 10^4 to 10^5 BP |
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Term
| DNA Pol I exonuclease activity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why does DNA contain thymine instead of uracil |
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Definition
| More stable, uracil leads to higher levels of mutation during replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Are created by UV radiation damage to DNA |
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Term
| Mutagenic lesions are the result of |
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Definition
| small changes to the basepairing region of DNA bases |
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Term
| Small changes to the basepairing region of DNA bases includes |
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Definition
| spontaneous deaminations, depurinations, oxidised bases |
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Term
| What are cytotoxic lesions? |
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Definition
| Chemically diverse group of DNA lesions |
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Term
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Definition
| Double-strand breaks, UV-induced bulky adducts, DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICL's), uncapped telomeres, certain oxidised bases |
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Term
| Unrepaired cytotoxic lesions can |
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Definition
| block vital DNA metabolic processes, such as gene transcription, DNA replication, or chromosome segregation |
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Term
| Unrepaired cytotoxic lesions can lead to |
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Definition
| Proliferative arrest or cell death |
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Term
| Repair process in E.coli (mutagenic, one strand) |
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Definition
| Base-excision repair (BER) |
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Term
| First step in base-excision repair |
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Definition
| Damaged base is excised from the backbone by DNA glycosylase |
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Term
| Second step in Base-Excision Repair |
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Definition
| Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease searches the DNA strand for missing bases, when it finds missing base, it cleaves the sugar-phosphate backbone |
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Term
| Third step in Base-Excision Repair |
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Definition
| Excision nuclease removes the AP site and several further nucleotides |
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Term
| Fourth step of Base-Excision Repair |
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Definition
| DNA polymerase adds the missing bases |
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Term
| Fifth and final step in Base-Excision Repair |
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Definition
| Ligase connects the sugar-phosphate backbone |
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Term
| Repair process for mutations that affect one strand (cytotoxic) |
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Definition
| Nucleotide-excision repair, Transcriptional coupled repair, global genome repair |
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Term
| Repair process for mutations that affect both strands (cytotoxic and mutagen) |
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Definition
| Interstrand crosslink repair, homologous recombination, end jointing |
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Term
| Responsible for longevity assurance |
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Definition
| Transcription coupled repair and interstrand crosslink repair |
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Term
| DNA damage occurring anywhere in the genome is repaired by |
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Definition
| GG-NER subpathway of Nucleotide excision repair, Base Excision Repair, and Interstrand Crosslink Repair |
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Term
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Definition
| This protein dimer detects classic NER lesions |
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Term
| For some types of damage, these dimers may assist XPC-hHR23B |
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Definition
| XPE heterodimer (DDB1 and p48) |
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Term
| First step of General Genome nucleotide excision repair |
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Definition
| NER lesions are detected by the protein dimer XPC-hHR23B |
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Term
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Definition
| Next, the basal transcription factor TFIIH, which includes two DNA helicases with opposite polarities (XPB and XPD), is recruited. The endonuclease XPG is recruited simultaneously, or shortly thereafter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Once the DNA is unwound around the site of the lesion, RPA is required to bind the single-stranded DNA and stabilise the open complex. The XPC–hHR23B duplex is replaced by XPA, which is believed to contribute by verifying the presence of a lesion. Finally, a third protein dimer, the endonuclease ERCC1–XPF, is recruited. Dual incisions are made in one strand flanking the lesion |
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Term
|
Definition
| The damaged oligonucleotide is released and the gap filled via template-dependent DNA polymerisation by the replication machinery. |
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Term
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Definition
| Human disorder that is characterized by defects in DNA repair |
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Term
| Transcription Coupled Repair |
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Definition
| Site of DNA damage can be identified during transcription when the lesion causes RNA pol II to stall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein complex that is responsible for removing the stalled polymerase from the transcribed strand so that repair of the lesion can occur |
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Term
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Definition
| Human disorder that is characterized by defects in DNA repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a chemical activated in response to several malignancy-associated stress signals, resulting in tumor-cell inhibition |
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Term
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Definition
| Human disorder that is characterized by defects in DNA repair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Form an Auto-regulatory feedback loop |
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Term
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Definition
| What p53 stimulates the expression of |
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Term
| MDM2 binds to p53 thereby |
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Definition
| Inhibiting transcriptional activity, favoring nuclear export, stimulation degradation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enhanced DNA damage response, tumor resistant, age normally |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Where the genetic information in a virus is stored |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the smallest viruses, codes for five proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| HIV p10 (GAG/Pol protease) |
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Definition
| Proteolytic cuts the large precursor protein to form the virus proteins |
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Term
| HIV p17 Matrix protein MA |
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Definition
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Term
| HIV p24 Capsid protein CA: |
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Definition
| Builds the structure of the caspid |
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Term
| HIV gp41 Transmembrane protein |
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Definition
| Transmembrane anchor for the docking protein gp120 |
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Term
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Definition
| external protein responsible for docking to the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Integrates the double stranded virus DNA into human DNA |
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Term
| Long terminal repeats (LTRs) |
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Definition
| Used for regulation and initiation of transcription |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Each daughter strand contains one template strand and a newly synthesized strand |
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Term
|
Definition
| Established in the 1950's that replication is semi-conservative |
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Term
| Origin of Replication (Ori) |
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Definition
| DNA double helix unwinds at this point |
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Term
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Definition
| Where new polynucleotide chains are formed |
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Term
| Direction of replication (DNA) |
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Definition
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Term
| One origin of replication |
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Definition
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Term
| Several origins of replication in |
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Definition
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Term
| Leading strand in Prokaryotes |
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Definition
| Synthesized continuously in the 5'-3' direction toward the replication fork on the exposed 3'-5' template strand |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesizes the leading strand and okasaki fragments |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Removes primers, synthesizes DNA gaps between okasaki fragments |
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Term
|
Definition
| Seals the backbone in replication |
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Term
| Origin Recognition Complex |
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Definition
| Bound to the origin site, inactive. |
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Term
| Replication Activation Protein |
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Definition
| Binds to the Origin Recognition Complex |
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Term
| Replication Licensing Factors |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Repeated DNA sequences 5'TTAGGG3', protects the end of the chromosome from deterioration or from fusion with neighbouring chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Leads to programmed aging/death of cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Resynthesizes telomeres after replication has occurred, preventing cell death/aging |
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Term
|
Definition
| Loads tRNA's with amino acids |
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Term
| First step in activation of amino acids |
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Definition
| Phosphodiester bond is formed between the carboxyl group of the amino acid and the phosphate group of AMP |
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Term
| Step two of Activation of Amino Acids (Class II Enzymes) |
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Definition
| nucleophilic attack of the free electron pair at 3’OH of last nucleotide of tRNA (adenine) to the carboxyl-C of the amino acid |
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Term
| Step two of activation of amino acids (Class I Enzymes) |
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Definition
| Nucleophilic attack of the free electron pair at 2’OH of last nucleotide of tRNA to the Carboxyl C of the amino acid |
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Term
| Step three of activation of amino acids (Class I enzymes) |
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Definition
| transfer of the ester bond between the amino acid and the tRNA from 2’ to 3’ position (transesterfication) |
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Term
|
Definition
| This is hydrolyzed when the wrong amino acid is bound to the tRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The first tRNA that binds to the ribosome in Prokaryotes |
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Term
| First step of initiation of translation in Prokaryotes |
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Definition
| 30S subunit of Ribosome, loaded with fMet-tRNA binds to Shine-Dalgano sequence of the mRNA |
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Term
| Second step of initiation of translation in Prokaryotes |
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Definition
| GTP is hydrolyzed , 50S subunit of Ribosome binds, IF-1, IF-2 and IF3 are released |
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Term
| Suppressor tRNAs in Eukaryotes |
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Definition
| Recognize STOP codons and allow continuation of translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Introduce stop codons in a sequence due to a single mutation |
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Term
| Specific proteases of the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Directs finished proteins to their final destination |
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Term
| Ribosomes associated with the membranes of the Rough ER |
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Definition
| Synthesizes membrane/secretion bound proteins |
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Term
| N-terminus is also known as a |
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Definition
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Term
| Signal recognition particle (SRP) |
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Definition
| Recognizes the signal peptide |
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Term
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Definition
| Removes the signal peptide following passage through the ER membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that contain a signal peptide |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins destined for secretion that are further proteolyzed following secretion; contains pro sequences |
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Term
| These engage the ER membrane through interaction of the SRP receptor in the ER membrane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| -3 ACCAUGG +4, Surrounds the AUG codon for recognition |
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Term
| poly-A binding protein (Pab1p) |
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Definition
| Links the polyA tail to the 4g and pre-initiation complex |
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Term
| Scanning mechanism driven by ATP-Hydrolysis |
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Definition
| 5'cap orients the ribosome to the correct AUG codon |
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Term
| Initial amino acid in initiation |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Bond DNA and RNA to form a sugar phosphate backbone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Hydrophobic interactions of the ring systems of the bases |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most common DNA form in nature, right handed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Present in DNA/RNA hybrids, right handed |
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Term
|
Definition
| Present in dCGCGCGCG sequences, left handed |
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Term
| Rotation of the base pairs can form |
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Definition
| A Z-DNA section in the middle of a B-DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzymes that supercoil DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Cut and seal the phosphodiesterbond of one DNA strand |
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Term
|
Definition
| cut and seal the phosphodiester bond of both DNA strands |
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Term
|
Definition
| Brings genetic information from DNA to the protein |
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Term
|
Definition
| Help processing of mRNA to its mature form in Eukaryotes |
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Term
|
Definition
| brings the amino acids to the site of protein biosynthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
| constituent of ribosomes (site of protein biosynthesis) |
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Term
| small interferring RNA si-RNA |
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Definition
| are involved in silencing of genes. They contain antisense RNA and block translation by interaction with the mRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 large subunits, containing RNA and protein |
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|
Term
| Reason why DNA contains Thymine instead of Uracil |
|
Definition
| Cytosine can be deaminated to Uracil, Thymine is a methylated Uracil, all uracil that occurs in DNA is caused by this deamination. DNA repair enzymes can detect this and replace it with cytosine |
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|
Term
| Chemical Structure of DNA |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Chemical structure of RNA |
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Definition
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|
Term
| TATA box (-10) and -35 Box |
|
Definition
| Elements of the promoter region for transcription in Prokaryotes |
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|
Term
| Pol I in Eukaryotes synthesizes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Pol II in Eukaryotes synthesizes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Pol III in Eukaryotes synthesizes |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycosylation and Cofactor Binding |
|
Definition
| Protein modification that occurs after translation |
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Term
|
Definition
| The result of Cockayne Syndrome |
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Term
|
Definition
| Influenza, Chicken Pox and Herpes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| How prokaryotic viruses enter the cell |
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Term
| Incorporation by endocytosis |
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Definition
| How viruses enter Eukaryotic cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hinders the translation of mRNA by the use of siRNA, inhibiting translation in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells |
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Term
| DNA glycosylase in base excision repair |
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Definition
| Excises damaged bases from the backbone, 1st step in BER |
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Term
| Excision Nuclease in Base Excision Repair |
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Definition
| Removes the AP site and several further nucleotides, third step in BER |
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|
Term
| DNA Pol in Base Excision Repair |
|
Definition
| Adds missing bases, fourth step of BER |
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|
Term
| Ligase in Base Excision Repair |
|
Definition
| Connects the sugar-phosphate backbone, fifth and final step in BER |
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