Term
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Definition
| Anthro (human beings/humankind) + logia (Knowledge or study of) = study of humankind, to include the subfields of physical anthropology, archeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology or ethnology. |
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Definition
| the use of anthropological data from the other subfields to address modern problem and concerns. |
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| examines material traces of past societies and informs us about the culture of that society |
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Definition
| material produces of former societies that provide clues to the past |
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| Cultural Anthropology/Ethenology |
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Definition
| A subfield of anthropology which examines various contemporary societies and cultures throughout the world. (p.7) |
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Definition
| begins with a general theory from which scientists develop testable hypotheses. (p.13) |
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Definition
| study of material artifacts of the past along with the observations of modern peoples who have knowledge of the use and symbolic meaning of those artifacts. (p.6) |
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Definition
| the practices of judging another society by the values and standards of one’s own society. |
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| a description of a culture within a society, including environment, economy, social organization, political system, and religious rituals – also called ethnographic data (p.8) |
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Definition
| Anthropologists who focus on the cross-cultural aspects of the various ethnographic studies done by cultural anthropologists. |
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Definition
| study of musical traditions in various societies worldwide |
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Definition
| study of poetry and how it relates to the experiences of people in different societies |
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Definition
| initial encounters between peoples of different societies |
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| Fragmentary remains of bones and living materials preserved from earlier period |
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Definition
| biological ‘blueprints’ that dictate the inheritance of physical characteristics. |
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Definition
| the biological, environmental, psychological, economic, historical social, and cultural conditions of humans at all times in all places. (p.11) |
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Definition
| Comparison and classification of different languages to discern the historical links among languages. |
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Definition
| A broad, comprehensive account that draws on all four subfields of anthropology (p.11) |
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Definition
| Study of the human skeleton |
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Term
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Definition
| a testable proposition concerning the relationship between particular sets of variables in the collected data. (p.13) |
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Definition
| Scientist makes observations and collects data. (Makes observations, derives explanation to create general theory) |
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Term
| 2 ways to develop testable propositions |
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Definition
| Inductive Method & Deductive Method |
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Term
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Definition
| the relationship between language and culture, how language is used within a society, similarities and differences between languages of different cultures, and how the human brain acquires and uses language. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ancient trash piles (p.6) |
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Term
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Definition
| (paleo – old/prehistoric) the study of human evolution through analysis of fossils. Use scientific techniques to date, classify, and compare fossil bones to determine the links between modern humans and their biological ancestors. |
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Term
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Definition
| when cultural anthropologist learn the language and culture of the group being studied by participating in the groups daily activities. (p.6) |
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Term
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Definition
system of logic used to evaluate data derived from systematic observation.
Core traits: Testability and verifiability. Method is used through the inductive or deductive methods. |
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Definition
| a focus of linguist anthropologists that studies the connection between language and social behavior in different cultures. |
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Definition
| study of how language works by comparing grammatical patterns or other linguistic element to learn how contemporary languages mirror and differ from each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| statements that explain the hypothesis and observations about natural or social phenomena (p.13) |
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Term
| Four subfields of anthropology |
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Definition
1. Physical anthropology
2. Cultural anthropology or ethnology
3. Archeology
4. Linguistic anthropology |
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Term
| Details of Physical Anthropology |
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Definition
1. Physical anthropology
a. Humans as a biological species
b. Most closely related to the natural sciences
c. Two major areas: Human evolution & modern human variation |
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Term
| Two major areas of Physical Anthropology |
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Definition
| Human evolution & modern human variation |
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Term
| How did the subfields of anthropology emerge? |
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Definition
| Developed by western society in an attempt to understand non-western people. |
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Term
| Two major goals of anthropology, which are accomplished by studying people living in particular locations in the past and present and using comparative techniques to assess the similarities and differences among the societies are... |
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Definition
1. Understand the uniqueness and diversity of human behavior and human societies around the world
2. Discover the fundamental similarities that link human beings throughout the world (both past and present) |
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| What are specializations of Physical Anthropology? |
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Definition
• Biological anthropology
• Forensic anthropology
• Paleoanthropology
• Human anatomy
• Human taxonomy
• Paleopathology
• Primatology
• Ethology
• Population Genetics
• Human Ecology |
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Term
| What are specializations of Archeology? |
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Definition
• Prehistoric archeology
• Historical archeology
• Classical archeology
• Demographic archeology
• Biblical archeology
• Maritime archeology
• Underwater archeology
• Urban archeology
• Ethnoarchelogy
• Industrial archeology
• Cognitive archeology
• Cultural Resource Management |
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Term
| What are specializations of Linguistic Archeology? |
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Definition
• Structural linguistics
• Historical linguistics
• Phonology
• Morphology
• Comparative Syntax
• Ethnosemantics
• Cognitive linguistics
• Pragmatics
• Sociolinguists |
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Term
| What are specializations of Cultural Anthropology/Ethnology? |
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Definition
• Ecological anthropology
• Demographic anthropology
• Economic anthropology
• Social anthropology
• Political anthropology
• Legal anthropology
• Anthropology of Religion
• Psychooogica anthropology
• Medical anthropology
• Urban anthropology
• Applied anthropology
• Ethnomusicology
• Anthropology of Art
• Ethnopoetics |
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Term
| What are specialization of Applied Archeology? |
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Definition
• Forensic anthropology
• Cultural Resource Management
• Applied Cultural Anthropology |
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Term
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Definition
| John Hawks is an anthropologist who works with paleoanthropology and genetics. He studies the relationships between the genes of living and ancient people in order to discover ways that natural selection has affected them (~40,000 years) His findings indicate that human evolution accelerated as larger populations and new agricultural subsistence exerted strong pressures on ancient people. He also studies the Neandertal genome, comparing them with humans and chimps. He is doing this to try to expand our knowledge of evolution beyond skeletal record. |
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Term
| What does Walker's research show? |
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Definition
| The world was a more violent place in prehistory times. However, they did not engage in child abuse. |
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Term
| What does Tiffany A. Tung's research show? |
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Definition
| That there was wide-spread violence throughout the Peruvian Anders between 650-1000CE, and the violence grew with the expansion of the Wari Empire |
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Term
| What is the genographic project? |
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Definition
| A project lead by Spencer Wells, who is studying DNA from populations throughout the world in order to trace human evolution. |
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Term
| What data is collected by anthropologists? |
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Definition
Social, cultural, and biological data, including:
• How food is prepared
• What constitutes acceptable behavior
• Gender roles
• Religion
• Societal assumptions |
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Term
| What are the steps of the Scientific Method? |
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Definition
1. Observe Your World (most critical step)
2. Ask questions
3. Speculating about the answers
4. Test it out
5. Analyze the results
6. Share the result |
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Term
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Definition
| study of differences in physical form and structure |
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Term
| Aspects of social and political life in Medieval Europe ~900 CE – ~1500CE |
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Definition
1. King would provide blocks of land (fief) for Elites, who would provide soldiers
2. Peasants would work the land for the Elites, who would provide protection and subsistence.
3. No mobility between castes / defined and unchangeable
4. No separation of church and state
5. Monarchy held their place by ‘divine right’ |
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Term
| When was the Magna Carta signed and what was it? |
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Definition
1. Signed in 1215
2. First time that the monarchy made broad concessions/promises to Elites and other castes; idea that no person is above the law |
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Term
| What changes brought about the scientific method? |
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Definition
1. First chemical element (arsenic: ~1250)
2. Newton proposed theory of gravity (1660s)
3. Franklin – electricity/kite (~1750) |
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Term
| How did long range travel affect the beginnings of the scientific method? |
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Definition
1. More trade & communication
2. More contact with other cultures
3. Rise of individualism (in conflict with powerful institutions – changing castes
4. Theme of Enlightenments: Logical reasoning can make society better.
a) Rene Descartes – I think therefore I am |
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Term
| When did capitalism emerge? |
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Definition
| During the age of enlightment (1700-1800s) |
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Term
| What are aspects of capitalism? |
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Definition
a) Requires new resources and new markets for new goods
b) Wage based labor
c) Deeply changed economic relationships between members of society |
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Term
| What are social and economic changes after the Age of Enlightments? |
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Definition
1. Decline of a fixed community
2. Fewer ascribed social responsibilities
a) Ability to move between castes
3. Labor is commoditized (things that can be bought and sold)
4. Development of a class system
a) Haves & have nots
5. Declining of social safety net (no longer safe, rigid standards to follow)
6. Confusion of one’s place in the world |
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Term
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Definition
| 1700-1800s; the period of economic, political, and social upheaval that gave rise to the social sciences (anthropology, sociology, psychology, economics). |
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Term
| What are aspects of the Scientific Method? |
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Definition
A. Concerned with objectivity
B. Collaborative: Share successes and failures / Always a process, rarely an endpoint
C. Amoral (neither moral or immoral)
D. Not the only way of knowing something.
E. Not free from bias, in design or execution
F. A process of evaluating empirical (observable & measurable) evidence in order to build knowledge that is testable and replicable. |
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Term
| Who argued against the geocentric view of the universe? (earth is the center) |
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Definition
| Copernicus and Galileo Galilei |
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Term
| When did DNA prove we are all one species? |
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Definition
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Term
| What problems does science cause for anthropology? |
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Definition
A. Bias: Anthropologists are the things that they study. Very difficult to put aside preconceived notions.
B. Will come in contact with things that challenge the anthropologist’s cultural and societal norm.
C. Human predictability: What constitutes data?
1. When data is recreated, it may not be done exactly the same way, effecting in a different result |
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Term
| Who are the founders of the theory of evolution? |
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Definition
Charles Darwin & Alfred Russell Wallace
Contemporaries - late 19th/early 20th century |
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Term
| Did humans evolve from any modern primate? |
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Definition
| No. However, humans share an evolutionary history with other primates. |
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Term
| Descent with modification |
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Definition
| Darwin's theory that is commonly attributed as 'evolution'. Modification through the generations |
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Term
| Name ancestors of human beings, according to fossil records. |
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Definition
Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4M years ago)
Austrolipithecus africanus (3M years ago)
Homo erectus (1-2M years ago)
Homo neanderthalensis (100,000-200,000 years ago) |
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Term
| What other than fossils tells the evolutionary story of life on earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 'shuffles' the genetic deck of cards? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes genetic information change / 4 components of evolution? |
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Definition
1. Available mates (who is and is not available)
2. Genetic material randomly changes (random (mutation), environmental (radiation, sunlight))
3. Individuals or populations move around/relocate
4. Some changes are advantageous to the creature (natural selection) |
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Term
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Definition
| The change of the frequency of certain genetic traits within a society |
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Term
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Definition
| The umbrella component of evolution; the change in one component of an ecosystem effects the other components. |
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Term
| What is a basic timeline of human life on earth? |
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Definition
- Human life appears ~4B years ago
- Sexual reproduction appears ~1.2B years ago
- Vertebres appear ~500M years ago
- Mammals appear ~250M years ago
- Primates appear ~70M years ago
- Hominids appear ~15M years ago & differentiate ~7M years ago
- Homo (genus) appears ~2.5M years ago
- Homo sapiens (Mitochondrial Eve) appear ~150,000 years ago
- Migration out of Africa - 60,000 years ago
- Homo sapiens sapiens (modern humans) 50,000 years ago |
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Term
| What is the only surviving species of the genus homo? |
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Definition
| Homo sapiens sapiens (modern humans) |
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Term
| What are the basic steps of human evolution? |
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Definition
- Bipedalism ~5-6M years ago; effected bone alignment and muscle structure
- Tool use/constructon ~2-3M years ago; effects: flake tools; environment manipulation; social interaction
- Brain capacity; effects: ability to store/pass on knowledge, form strong emotional bonds
- Language ~200,000 years ago; effects: changes in the physiology of the human throat, hardwired to speak language
- Ability for abstract conceptual thought (communication through symbols)
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Term
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Definition
| Basic tools - using rocks and sticks to kill animals or scrap meat off the bone. |
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Term
| How much more dense is a human brain than a chimpanzee brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximately how many living languages are there in modern times? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the defining aspect of a human being? |
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Definition
| The ability to have abstract conceptual thought. |
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Term
When did Mitochondrial Eve show up?
When did Mitochondrial Ada show up?
From where? |
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Definition
Eve ~150,000 years ago
Adam ~70,000 years ago
Both: Afria |
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Term
| Where & when did the social sciences arise? |
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Definition
| Early-mid 1800s in Western Europe |
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Term
| What are basic questions anthropologists ask? |
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Definition
How did we get here?
How are we unique?
How do we subsist?
How do we make meaning of our existence (NOT why do we exist) |
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Term
| How did Edward Tyler define culture? |
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Definition
| Knowlege, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities aquired by humans as members of society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Culture is a network of symbols (schemas). It is Learned, Static & Dynamic, Universal & Variable, Shared & Contested, Conscious & Unconscious, and Comprehensive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Symbols are arbitrary until humans give them meaning. That meaning can change with context over time. |
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Term
| Is symbolic thinking hardwired into the human brain? |
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Definition
| Yes, it is a defining characteristic of humans. |
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Term
| Do other animals seem to try to teach others with intention? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Networks of symbolic codes that individuals use to reflect, enhance, challange, disrupt, reject, and/or enforce values, beliefs, worldviews, norms, and ideologies within a society. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each individual within society are able to call upon ideas that they can use themeselves (self-will) |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in gene expression that don't necessarily come from messing around with the DNA itself. For example, feeding pollen and nectar to honey bee larvae turns them into worker bees, but feeding royal jelly to honey bee larvae turns them into queen bees. |
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Term
| When was the Upper Paleolithic period? |
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Definition
| Late stone age, or 40,000BCE-10,000BCE |
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Term
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Definition
| Implement fashioned from several different materials. For example, a harpoon may be made of wood and stone. |
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Term
| What was the social organization of the Upper Paleolithic era? |
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Definition
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Term
| Best known people of the Upper Paleolithic era in Europe is... |
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Definition
| Cro-Magnons from Dordogne, France (25,000 years ago). Hunted migrating herds. Ability to start fire with iron pyrite. Creation of art. |
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Term
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Definition
| understanding and exploring the beliefs, values, and practices of another group from the group's perspective, without expecting or imposing our own worldview |
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Term
| What is the different between biologically well adapted and culturally well adapted? |
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Definition
| Biologically well adapted species blend into the surroundings by the way they naturally look. Culturally well adapted dress differently in order to blend into their surroundings. |
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Term
| How do human beings learn culture? |
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Definition
| Through direct experience called "situational learning" |
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Term
| What are the stages of learning? |
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Definition
1. Sensorimotor - Babies experience the world through the 5 senses.
2. Preoperational - Toddlers experience the world through basic symbols
3. Concrete-Situational - Young children experience the world through logic and symbol manipulation
4. Formal Operational - Older children are capable of abstract and complicated thought. |
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Term
| How did Piaget say that new schemas are formed? |
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Definition
| Assimulaton -> Accomodation |
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Term
| Define mode of production |
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Definition
| how social groups within a society negotiate the task of survival (cultural)in two parts: Technology & Culture |
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Term
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Definition
| removal of raw materials from the earth |
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Term
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Definition
| turning raw materials into goods that can be bought and sold |
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Term
| What are some Provision of services or tertiery sectors? |
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Definition
| doctors, teachers, lawyers, singers, hospitality workers |
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Term
| What sector is colonialism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where did Spain and Portugal colonize? |
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Definition
| Central and South America |
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Term
| What are the 7 seven important aspects of human life everywhere? |
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Definition
1.Subsistence & the physical environment (how do we keep ourselves alive?)
2.Demography (characteristics of and changes to population)
3.Technology (available tools & resources)
4.Economy (exchanges of goods and services)
5.Social structure (what are the "component parts" of a particular culture and how are they related?)
6.Political organization (how is power distributed within the society?)
7.Spirituality & creative expression |
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Term
| What are the four major trends in anthropological theory? |
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Definition
1. Deep description of the cultures they are studying (how people are same/different)
2. Continuity and Change (how is solidarity created through culture; how is culture challenged by change?)
3. (In)Tangible (how does culture rely on material things in society?)
4. Objectivity & Subjectivity
4. |
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Term
| Four trends of anthropology. |
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Definition
1. ~1850-early 1900s - Culture in comparison to idealized standard of Western culture. (unilineal revolution & diffusionism)
2. |
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