Term
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Definition
| lets air in and out of the lungs, oral and nasal cavities, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles. lined by ciliated cells that release mucus which is moved out of the respiratory organ to trap and remove particles that come in with air. contains smooth muscle to control the diameter of the bronchioles and bronchi to control how much air is getting in and out. upper parts are made of cartilage. also known as anatomic dead space bc the cells don't participate in gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| cells participate in gas exchange, respiratory bronchioles- transitional bronchioles with smooth muscle and some cilia and no cartilage, also consists of alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs, this is where respiration actually occurs via gas exchange |
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Term
| receptors that control bronchioles |
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Definition
| beta-2 receptors, control smooth muscle that constricts to let less air in or relaxes to let more in |
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Term
| terminal bronchioles give rise to |
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Definition
| respiratory bronchioles that form alveoli |
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Term
| cells that line the alveoli |
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Definition
| pneumocytes- type I and II. type II releases surfactant, necessary because the alveoli need water to function but water is bad for the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| a phospholipid that reduces the surface tension of water so that the water does not form droplets and cause drowning |
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Term
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Definition
| get rid of bacteria, viruses and foreign particles then get taken up by the mucus of the conducting zone |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that can change its shape and become longer or shorter so alveoli can expand as air comes in and recoil as air leaves |
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Term
| alveoli pulmonary capillaries |
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Definition
| communicate with the pulmonary vasculature that is bringing in deoxygenated blood from the right heart to drop off CO2 and pick up O2 and take it back to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body |
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Term
| why does CO2 diffuse out into the alveoli and oxygen go into the capiallaries |
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Definition
| because the capillaries contain a higher level of CO2 and a lower level of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| to sample the foreign material and make antibodies and T cells as needed |
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Term
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Definition
| lets air in and out of the lungs, oral and nasal cavities, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles. lined by ciliated cells that release mucus which is moved out of the respiratory organ to trap and remove particles that come in with air. contains smooth muscle to control the diameter of the bronchioles and bronchi to control how much air is getting in and out. upper parts are made of cartilage. also known as anatomic dead space bc the cells don't participate in gas exchange |
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Term
|
Definition
| cells participate in gas exchange, respiratory bronchioles- transitional bronchioles with smooth muscle and some cilia and no cartilage, also consists of alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs, this is where respiration actually occurs via gas exchange |
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|
Term
| receptors that control bronchioles |
|
Definition
| beta-2 receptors, control smooth muscle that constricts to let less air in or relaxes to let more in |
|
|
Term
| terminal bronchioles give rise to |
|
Definition
| respiratory bronchioles that form alveoli |
|
|
Term
| cells that line the alveoli |
|
Definition
| pneumocytes- type I and II. type II releases surfactant, necessary because the alveoli need water to function but water is bad for the lungs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a phospholipid that reduces the surface tension of water so that the water does not form droplets and cause drowning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| get rid of bacteria, viruses and foreign particles then get taken up by the mucus of the conducting zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein that can change its shape and become longer or shorter so alveoli can expand as air comes in and recoil as air leaves |
|
|
Term
| alveoli pulmonary capillaries |
|
Definition
| communicate with the pulmonary vasculature that is bringing in deoxygenated blood from the right heart to drop off CO2 and pick up O2 and take it back to the heart to be pumped to the rest of the body |
|
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Term
| why does CO2 diffuse out into the alveoli and oxygen go into the capiallaries |
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Definition
| because the capillaries contain a higher level of CO2 and a lower level of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| to sample the foreign material and make antibodies and T cells as needed |
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Term
| when does the fetus start to make surfactant |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the process of moving air into and out of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of transporting oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of moving oxygen through the bloodstream using hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| the unloading of oxygen to the tissues and taking up carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how do we move air around |
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Definition
| differences between pressures in the air and inside the respiratory system |
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Term
| range of intrapulmonary pressure and air movement |
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Definition
| 759 to 761. when it's just below atmospheric pressure that gives a driving force for air to move into the alveoli during inspiration, when it's just above atmospheric pressure just before expiration that gives a driving force for air to move out of the alveoli and out of the lungs |
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Term
| pressure in the intrapleural space |
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Definition
| generally about 4 mmHg below atmospheric pressure, creating a vacuum to keep the lungs open |
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Term
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Definition
| when the pressure in the intrapleural space is dissipated by an injury and the lungs collapse |
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Term
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Definition
| the pressure of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume in which the gas is contained |
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Term
| what happens when the intercostals and diaphragm contract? |
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Definition
| the thoracic cavity gets larger stretching the volume of the alveoli and reducing their pressure to below atmospheric pressure-- a driving force for air to enter the lungs. as the muscles relax the pressure in the alveoli goes up (because the volume goes down) to above atmospheric pressure leading to exhalation and driving air out of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| the volume of air that goes into and out of lungs in normal relaxed breathing, generally about a half liter |
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Term
| graph of respirations upward is ___, downward is __ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ask pt to breathe deeply and fully in and out during spirometry, 4.5-5 L |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of air left after exhaling completely so that the alveoli don't collapse, about 1.5 L |
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Term
| total lung capacity is generally around |
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Definition
| 6L, vital capacity plus residual volume |
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Term
| to measure actual residual volume use |
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Definition
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Term
| functional residual capacity |
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Definition
| the difference from the bottom of a normal relaxed exhalation to the amount that could possibly be exhaled |
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Term
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Definition
| from the bottom of the exhalation curve for normal relaxed breathing to the total amount that can be taken in, generally about 3 L |
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Term
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Definition
| from the top of the inhalation curve for normal relaxed breathing to the total amount that can be taken in |
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Term
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Definition
| after a normal relaxed exhale to the total amount that can be exhaled (not including the residual volume) |
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Term
| what happens during asthma |
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Definition
| the brochioles constrict so you can't get air in and the conductive zone becomes obstructed |
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Term
| examples of obstructive/resistance disorders |
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Definition
| asthma, severe allergies, pneumonia, tumors that are blocking the bronchioles |
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Term
| beta 2 adrenergic receptors can get expanded during |
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Definition
| fight or flight, exercise |
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Term
| beta 2 adrenergic receptors can get restricted during |
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Definition
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Term
| mathematical equation of bronchoconstriction |
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Definition
| any time you have a 2x reduction in the diameter of the bronchiole you have a 16X increase in resistance |
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Term
| resistance disorders also called |
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Definition
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Term
| restrictive disorders also called |
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Definition
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Term
| examples where alveoli can't change their size so they can't change their pressures |
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Definition
| lack of surfactant, build up of mucus in the alveoli, scar tissue/fibrosis leading to resistance in inhalation, ex pneumonia (also compliance due to fluid build up), emphysema (part of COPD) (lose elasticity of alveoli- stay expanded, pushes air out, resistance to exhalation), |
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Term
| most disorders of the lung have a combination |
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Definition
| of compliance and obstructive impacts |
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Term
| normally most ppl can get all their air out how fast |
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Definition
| 1 sec (at FEV1)- forced expiratory volume at 1 sec |
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Term
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Definition
| greatly reduced bc conducting zones are smaller bc diameter is reduced |
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Term
| spirometry in someone with pneumonia |
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Definition
| tidal volume fairly normal but when asking to take in a deep breath can't get nearly as much in or blow out as much due to obstruction from mucus and fluid buildup |
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Term
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Definition
| normal but much larger amount of air in lungs bc can't exhale completely, classic compliance disorder, resistance to exhalation due to loss of elastin fibers |
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