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| process of sense organs responding to and translating environmental stimuli into nerve impulses |
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| process of organizing the stimulus input of sensation |
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| studies the relations between the physical characteristics of stimuli and sensory capabilities |
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| lowest intensity a stimulus can be detected 50% of the time |
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| standard of how certain someone must be that a stimulus is present before they will say they detect it |
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| concerned with the factors that influence sensory judgment |
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| a stimulus so weak or brief it cannot be perceived consciously, though it is received by the senses |
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| the smallest difference between two stimuli that people can perceive 50% of the time |
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| the difference threshold is directly proportional to the magnitude of the stimulus with which the comparison is being made |
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| just noticeable difference |
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| the diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus |
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| process whereby the characteristics of a stimulus are converted into nerve impulses |
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| elastic structure behind the pupil |
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| multilayered light sensitive tissue at the rear of the eyeball |
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| primarily black and white brightness receptors. function best in dim light |
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| color receptors. function best in bright illumination |
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| small area in the center of the retina that contains no rods but many densely packed cones |
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| ganglion cells whose axons are collected into a bundle |
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| ability to see fine detail |
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| rods and cones translate light waves into nerve pulses through the action of these protein molecules |
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Definition
| progressive improvement in brightness sensitivity that occurs over time under conditions of low illumination |
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| Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory |
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Definition
| says that there are three types of color receptors in the retina |
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| Hering's opponent process theory |
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Definition
| proposed that each of the three cone types responds to two different wavelegths |
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| combines the trichromatic and opponent process theories to account for the color transduction process |
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| calles that fire selectively in response to visual stimuli that have specific characteristics |
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| number of sound waves, or cycles, per second |
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| technical measure of cycles per second for sound waves |
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| primary determinant of a sound's perceived loudness |
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| measure of the physical pressures that occur at the eardrum |
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| coiled, fluid filled tube in the inner ear. contains the basilar membrane |
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| sheet of tissue that runs the length of the cochlea |
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| contains thousands of tiny hairs that are the actual sound receptors |
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| frequency theory of pitch perception |
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| nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound waves |
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| place theory of pitch perception |
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Definition
| says that the point in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks serves as a frequency coding cue |
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| problems with the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea |
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| caused by damaged nerve receptors within the inner ear or damage to the auditory nerve itself |
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| chemical receptors located on the tongue |
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| forebrain structure immediately above the nasal cavity |
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| chemical signals found in natural body scents |
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| tendency of women who live together or are close friends to become more similar in their menstrual cycles |
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| provides feedback about our muscles' and joints' positions and movements |
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| sense of body orientation, or equilibrium |
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| sensory prosthetic devices |
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| provide sensory input that can substitute for what cannot be supplied by the person's sensory receptors |
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| individual elements of stimulus are combined into a unified perception |
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| sensory information is interpreted in light of existing knowledge, concepts, ideas, and expectations |
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| the failure of unattended stimuli to register in consciousness |
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| tendency to organize stimuli into a central or foreground figure and a background |
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| Gestalt laws of perceptual organization |
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| similarity, proximity, closure, and continuity |
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| a mental representation or image containing the critical and distinctive features of a person, object, event, or other perceptual phenomenon |
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| readiness to perceive stimuli in a particular way |
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| allow us to recognize familiar stimuli under varying conditions |
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| depth cues requiring only one eye |
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| depth cues requiring both eyes |
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| each eye sees a slightly different image |
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| produced by feedback from the muscles that turn your eyes inward to view a close object |
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| illusory movement using flashing lights |
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| compelling but incorrect perceptions |
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| period during early development when certain kinds of experiences must occur if perceptual abilities and the brain mechanisms that underlie them are to develop normally |
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