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| specific prediction about some phenomenon |
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| set of formal statements that explains how and why certain events are related |
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| characteristic or factor that can vary |
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| defines a variable in terms of the specific procedures used to produce or measure it |
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| tendency to respond in a socially acceptable manner rather than how one truly feels |
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| recording behavior while participants are unaware they are being observed |
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| records or documents that already exist |
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| identifies how humans and animals behave, particularly in natural settings |
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| in depth analysis of an individual, group, or event |
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| observing behavior in a natural setting while not influencing the behavior |
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| information obtained from many people through interviews or questionnaires |
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| all the individuals we are interested in drawing a conclusion about |
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| subset of individuals from the larger population |
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| reflects the important characteristics of the population |
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| every member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen for the survey |
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| examining associations between naturally occurring events or variables |
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| statistic that indicates the direction and strength of the relation between two variables |
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| higher scores on one variable are associated with higher scores on a second variable |
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| higher scores on one variable are associated with lower scores on a second variable |
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| graphs that show the correlation between two variables |
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| powerful tool for examining cause-and-effect relationships |
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| factor that is manipulated or controlled by the experimenter |
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| factor that is measured by the experimenter. may be influenced by the independent variable |
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| group that receives a treatment or active level of the independent variable |
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| not exposed to the treatment or receives zero-level of the independent variable |
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| each participant has an equal likelihood of being assigned to any one group within an experiment |
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| order of conditions is varied so no condition has an overall advantage relative to the others |
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| the degree to which an experiment supports clear causal conclusions |
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| two variables are intertwined and it cannot be determined which one has influenced a dependent variable |
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| a substance that has no pharmacological effect |
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| change in behavior based on expectations, not the treatment itself |
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| experimenter expectancy effects |
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| ways researchers influence participants to respond in a manner consistent with the researcher's hypothesis |
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| the participant and the experimenter do not know which experimental condition the participant is in |
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| degree to which results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, and conditions |
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| repeating a study to determine whether the original findings can be duplicated |
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| they summarize and describe the characteristics of a set of data |
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| most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
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| point that divides a distribution of scores in half when the scores are arranged from lowest to highest |
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| average of a set of scores |
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| difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| how much each score in a distribution differs from the mean |
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| tell us how confident we can be making inferences about a population based on findings obtained from a sample |
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| very unlikely that a finding occurred by chance alone |
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| combining the results of different studies that examine the same topic |
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