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Definition
| the study of drugs and their actions on living organisms |
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| Chemical name, generic (common) name, official name (FDA), and trademark, proprietary, or brand name (registered name) |
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| Require an order by a health professional who is licensed to prescrive |
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| Also known as OTC (Over the Counter) drugs, do not require a prescription |
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| Used for non-theraputic purposes |
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| an index of all medicines available in the U.S. |
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Definition
1. high potential for abuse
2. no currently accepted medical use
ex: LSD, marijuana, heroin |
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Definition
1. high potential for abuse
2. accepted medical use
ex: amphetamines, morhpine, methadone |
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Definition
1. high potential for abuse, but less than I and II
2. accepted medical use
ex: empirin with codeine, Lortab, tyenol with codeine |
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Definition
1. low potential for abuse
2. accepted for medical use
ex: diazepam (valium), phenobarbital |
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Definition
1. low potential for abuse, compared with IV
2. currently accepted medical use
ex: lomotil, Roitussin AC |
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Definition
| phase of new drug development which begins with discovery, synthesis, and purificaiton of the drug |
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| Clinical research, Phase 1 |
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Definition
studies the experimental drug's properties
ex: safe routes of administration
safe dosage range
metabolism
requires volunteers numbered 20-100
treated for 4-6 weeks
if successful, moves to phase 2 |
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| Clinical research, phase 2 |
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Definition
| Tested on smaller patient population, those who have the condition the drug is designed to treat. Determines the success rate of the drug. |
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| Clinical reserach, phase 3 |
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Definition
| Larger patient population, insures statistical success, additional information on proper dosage and safety. Entire research phase may require 2 to 10 years, everage is 5 years. |
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Definition
| a formal request to the FDA to market a new drug for human use |
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| Postmarketing Surveillance |
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Definition
| the 4th phase when the manufacturer decides to market the medicine, new drug is monitered carefully |
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| health care practitioners are required to report adverse effects of drugs to MedWatch |
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Definition
| drugs taken during pregnancy that cause abnormal development of birth defects |
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Definition
specific sites which drugs form chemical bonds with in the body
drug -> receptor
key -> lock |
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Definition
| Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response |
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| Drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response |
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| Drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibits other responses |
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Definition
The 5 stages drugs go through:
liberation, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (pharmocokinetics) |
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Definition
| drug is administered directly into GI (gastrointestinal) tract by oral, rectal, or nasogastric route |
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Definition
| Bypasses GI tract via using subcutaneous (subcut), intramuscular (IM), or intravenous (IV) injection |
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Definition
| Includes inhalation, sublingual (under the tongue), or topical (on the skin) |
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Definition
dosage form being used, the pharmaceutic effect
(enteral, parenteral, percutaneous) |
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Definition
| process whereby a drug is transferred from its site of entry into the body to the circulating fluids of the body |
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Definition
| the ways in which drugs are transported throughout the body by the ciruclating blood fluids to receptors, metabolism, and excretion. |
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Definition
| also called biotransformation. It is the process by whereby the body inactivates the drug. |
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Definition
| Eliminates drug metabolites and sometimes the active drug itself. Kidneys are a major organ of drug excretion. |
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Definition
| the amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body |
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Definition
| concentration of drug at the site of action is sufficient to start a physiologic response |
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| that time at which the drug reaches the highest concentration on the target receptors |
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Definition
| how long the drug has a pharmacologic effect |
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Definition
Blood sample drawn to determine the amount of drug present
if the blood level is low, the dosage must be increased
if the level is too high, the dosage must be decreased |
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Definition
| when a drug enters a patient and is absorbed and distributed |
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| side effects, adverse effects |
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Definition
| when a drug affects more than one body system, sever side effects known as toxicity |
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Definition
Adverse drug reaction - "right drug, right dose, right patient, bad effect"
Adverse drug events - "injury resluting from medical intervention related to a drug" |
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Definition
| when something unusual or abnormal happens when the drug is first administered |
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Definition
| allergic response to drug - raised, irregularly shaped patches on the skin and severe itching |
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Definition
| ability of a drug to induce living cells to mutate and become cancerous |
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Definition
| when a person begins to require a higher dosage to produce the same effects that a lower doage once provided |
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Definition
1. agents that, when combined, increase the actions of one or both drugs
2. agents that, when combined, decrease the effectiveness of one or both drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| two drugs with similar actions are taken for doubled effect |
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Term
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Definition
| combined effort of two drugs is greater than the sum of each drug given alone |
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Term
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Definition
| one drug interferes with the action of another |
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Term
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Definition
| the displacement of the first drug by a second drug increases the activity of the first drug |
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Term
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Definition
| the first drug inhibits the metabolism or exrecetion of the second drug, causing increased activity of the second drug |
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Term
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Definition
| first drug is chemically incompatibile with the second drug, causing deterioration. Incompatiblie drugs shoulds not be mixed together. |
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