Term
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Definition
| greatly diminished or lack of movement |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal slowness of movement, sluggishness |
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Term
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Definition
| aberrant movements, there are many types |
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Term
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Definition
| ceaseless occurance of slow, sinuous writhing movements performed involuntarily and especially severe in the hands |
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Term
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Definition
| - ceaseless occurance of a wide variety of rapid, highly complex, jerky movements that appear to be well coordinated but are involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
| rhythmic oscillating movements |
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Term
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Definition
| - unsteady movements, inability to coordinate voluntary movements |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disorder of muscle tonicity, contortions of muscles of trunk and extremities are ususally related to postural defects like dystonia musculorum deformans |
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Term
| basal ganglia influence movement ____. it does not directly project to motor neurons in spinal cord or brainstem. The basal ganglia influences output of ___ neurons through a series of ___ . |
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Definition
- indirectly
- cortical
- servo-loops |
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Term
| Many areas of the cortex project to the striatum. The striatum projects to the ___ ___, which in turn sends inhibitory projections to the ___. The thalamus then sends ____ projections to the cortex. |
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Definition
- globus pallidus
- thalamus
- excitatory |
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Term
| The major nuclei of the basal ganglia include: |
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Definition
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus |
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Term
| The putamen, caudate nucleus, and globus pallidus all together are called the: |
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Definition
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Term
| the caudate and putamen together are called the : |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the putamen and globus pallidus together are called the: |
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Definition
lenticular nuclei aka lentiform
PGL |
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Term
| The internal capsule is a sheet of ___ fibers that pass between the ___ and ____ ___. |
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Definition
- myelinated
- caudate
- lentiform nucleus |
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Term
| the basal ganglia is part of the extrapyramidal system |
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Definition
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Term
| the caudate nucleus is the major site of ___ from the ___ and the ___ ___ ___. |
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Definition
- input
- cortex
- substantia nigra compacta |
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Term
| the putament is major site of input from the __ and __ __ __. |
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Definition
- cortex
- substantia nigra compacta |
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Term
| what 2 parts of the basal ganglia receive input from the cortex and substantia nigra compacta? |
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Definition
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
together these are called striatum |
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Term
| The globus pallidus internum is the major source of ___ to the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| In the basal ganglia, what is the major source of output to the thalamaus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Midbrain important nuclei: |
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Definition
- subthalammic nucleus
- substantia nigra |
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Term
| what divides the globus pallidus into the globus pallidus internum and externum? |
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Definition
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Term
| The internal capsule is/is not part of the basal ganglia. |
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Definition
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Term
| The cortex, especially areas 4, 3, 1, 2, 6, sends excitatory input to the ___ which is made of the ___ and ___. |
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Definition
| - striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen) |
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Term
| the substantia nigra compacta sends excitatory and inhibitory inputs to the ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The striatum sends inhibitory information to the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| what kind of information does the striatum send globus pallidus? |
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Definition
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Term
| The globus pallidus sends inhibitory information to the ___. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what kind of signals does the globus pallidus send to the thalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
| list 3 diseases associated with the basal ganglia: |
|
Definition
- Parkinson's disease
- Huntington's disease
- Hemiballism |
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|
Term
| describe Parkinson's disease: |
|
Definition
- progressive idiopathic neurodegenerative disease of basal ganglia
- onset is between 50 and 65 years of age (but can rarely be earlier)
- disease is due to a loss of darkly pigmented dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra/nigrostrial pathway
- bilateral degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra that project to the striatum (nigrostriatal pathway |
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Term
| what disease of the basal ganglia is caused by bilateral degeneration of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra to the striatum. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| describe Huntington's disease: |
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Definition
| bilateral degeneration of GABAergic neurons in the striatum that project to the substantia nigra (striatonigral pathway) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
contralateral damage to subthalamic nucleus
- subthalamic nucleus is blocked so you get flailing movements |
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|
Term
| clinical signs of Parkinson's disease: |
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Definition
Tremor (pill-rolling, rhythmic)
Rigidity (cog-wheel type)
Akinesia / Bradykinesia
Often abnormal posture (Simian), equilibrium and autonomic dysfunctions
Masked facies (expressionless facial movements)
Slow, monotonous speech
Micrographia (small handwriting)
Note: Often there will be NO LOSS of mental capacity. |
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Term
| Parkinson's is due to greater than ___% loss of ___ neurons in the ___ ___. This results in enhanced ___ of the ____, which ultimately under excites the ___ cortex. |
|
Definition
- 80
- dopaminergic
- substantia nigra
- inhibition
- thalamus
- motor |
|
|
Term
| what is a drug treatment for PD that is helpul in early stages and how does it work? |
|
Definition
- Muscarinic anticholinergics- useful in early stages
- normally, cholinergic interneurons control inhibitory dopaminergic neruons, but this is lost with PD, so
- this drug blocks muscarinic receptors which prevents the overactivity of cholinergic interneurons |
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Term
| basal ganglia components: |
|
Definition
| putamen, globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus |
|
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Term
| Huntington's chorea is an autosomal ___ genetic neurodegenerative movement disorder of the ___ ___. |
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Definition
- dominant
- basal ganglia |
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Term
| HD has both ___ and ___ components. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| onset of Huntington's disease: |
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Definition
| - between 35 and 45 years old |
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Term
| HD caused by a mutation of the Huntington gene on ____ _, whose function is unknown. This mutation leads to expanded ___ ____ repeat disease. |
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Definition
- chromosome 4
- CAG trinucleotide |
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Term
| HD is due to a loss of striatal _____ and some ___ neurons in the ___ and ___ (striatonigral pathways) |
|
Definition
- GABAnergic
- cholinergic
- caudate nucleus
- putamen |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Choreaform “dancey / prancey movements ,”or rigidity if early onset due to loss of GABAergic neurons
Cognitive dysfunction
Psychiatric dysfunction - often depression |
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Term
| Hemiballism is caused by a lesion to the ____ ____ nucleus, and is usually due to an ___. |
|
Definition
- contralateral subthalamic
- infarction |
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Term
|
Definition
| - involuntary and large violent flailing movements of one extremity (arm or leg) on one side |
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|
Term
| Hemiballism often ___ ___ afer several weeks. |
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Definition
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