Term
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Definition
| planning, initiation, and termination of complex movements |
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Term
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Definition
| caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substancia nigra |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When these circuits are damaged.. |
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Definition
| patients can not switch smoothly from starting movements to stopping movements |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Outputs from basal ganglia |
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Definition
substancia nigra par reticulate
internal segment of globus pallidus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| medium spiny neurons of striatum |
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Term
| The putamen receives input from.. |
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Definition
| the sensory and motor cortices - largely associated with movement |
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Term
| The caudate receives input largely in the .. |
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Definition
association areas
associated with eye movement and cognitive functions |
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Term
| The only cortical areas that do not project into the basal ganglia are the |
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Definition
| primary visual and primary auditory cortex |
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Term
| When the stratum is at rest .. |
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Definition
| Globus pallidus is tonically active, thereby VA/VL complex of thalamus, so there is no excitation of upper motor neurons |
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Term
| When the stratum is transiently excited.. |
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Definition
| globus pallidus is transiently inhibited and VA/VL complex of thalamus is dishinibited so it can excite the upper motor neurons in the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
saccadic eye movements
inactivation of tonically active cells of substantia nigra pars reticulate |
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Term
| Dopamine from the SNpc stimulates the .. |
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Definition
| direct pathway and inhibits the indirect pathway |
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Term
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Definition
reduction of DA on brain
damage of pathway from substancia nigra to striatum
increased output of basal ganglia to thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
loss of striatal neurons
decreased output of basal ganglia to thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| diminished activity of sub thalamic nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| associated with hypersensitivity of DA receptors resulting in hypersensitivy to the effects of DA |
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Term
| Parkinsons disease: indirect vs. direct |
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Definition
direct route excites supplementary motor area
indirect route inhibits supplementary motor area |
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Term
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Definition
| striatium to output of nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| through sub thalamic nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| lesion to contralateral subthalamic nucleus; most often due to a stroke involving the small ganglionic branch of the posterior cerebral artery |
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Term
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Definition
| coordinated execution of ongoing movements |
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Term
| 3 traditional roles of the cerebellum |
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Definition
| muscle tone, balance sensorimotor coordination |
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Term
| like the basal ganglia, the cerebellum alters the output of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| what you thought you were going to do (according to motor cortex) with what you are actually doing (according to proprioceptive feedback of the limbs) and correct the movement if there is a problem |
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Term
| Cerebellum also responsible for |
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Definition
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Term
| Lesions within the cerebellum disrupt.. |
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Definition
| coordination of limb and eye movements, impair balance and decrease muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| afferents from contralateral pontine nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| afferent from spinal cord and brainstem |
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Term
| 3 gross parts of the cerebellum |
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Definition
paleocerebellum (anterior)
neocerebellum (lateral hem)
archicerbellem (floccolondular lobe) |
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Term
| vestibulocerebellar inputs |
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Definition
| vestibular fibers to flocculonodular lobe |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior love via spinocerebellar tract |
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Term
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Definition
| pons and inferior olivary nucleus of medulla to neocerebellum |
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Term
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Definition
| from pontine nuclei (input from corticospinal tract that is relayed to purkinje cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| from inferior olivary nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| from locus ceruleus and 5HT fibers from rap he nuclei in brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
| send axons to molecular layer to form unmyelinated parallel fibers which project to dendritic trees of Purkinje cells and golgi cells |
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Term
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Definition
emboliform nucleus
fastigal nucleus
dentate nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| mossy fibers, climbing fibers |
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Term
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Definition
thalamus
red nucleus
vestibular nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebellar outputs involved in sensorimotor coordination |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebellar outputs involved in reflexes and muscle tone |
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Term
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Definition
| cerebellar outputs involved in balance |
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Term
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Definition
granule layer (deep - most cells)
Purkinje cell (middle)
molecular (superficial, dendritic trees of purkinje) |
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Term
| Climbing and mossy fiber pathways to deep nuclei are.. |
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Definition
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Term
| interneurons (golgi, basket and stellate cells) are.. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| basic input-to-output operation of cerebellum is to .. |
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Definition
| convert excitatory inputs to inhibitory |
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Term
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Definition
| fastigal nucleus receives fibers from midline projects to lateral vestibular nucleus via both direct and indirect routes |
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Term
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Definition
| emboliform nucleus receives input from midline cerebellar cortex and projects to red nucleus and VL thalamus |
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Term
| sensorimotor coordination |
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Definition
| denate nucleus receives input from lateral hemispheres of the cerebellum and projects to some red nucleus and mostly VL thalamus |
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Term
| Ascending outputs from the cerebellum |
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Definition
| cerebellar cortex --> deep cerebellar nuclei --> VL thalamus --> primary motor and premotor cortex |
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Term
| Descending outputs from the cerebellum |
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Definition
| Cerebellar cortex --> fastigial nuclei --> superior colluculs, reticular formation --> LMN of medial ventral horn |
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Term
| functional organization of cereballar outputs |
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Definition
| cerebellem --> superior cerebeal peduncle --> cortico and rubro tracts --> limbs |
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Term
| Cerebellum receives input from |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Cerebellum sends output to |
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Definition
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Term
| basal ganglia sends output too |
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Definition
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Term
| cerebellum has direct ties to |
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Definition
| spinal cord and brain stem while BG does not |
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Term
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Definition
hypotonia
ataxia
termors
genetic
congential |
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