Term
| what are the components of the urinary system? |
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Definition
| 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, and 1 urethra |
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Term
| What is the function of the urinary system |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Most waste metabolic products of cells are eliminated in urine |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Kidneys are contained within the peritoneal cavity |
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Definition
| FALSE. They are retroperitoneal |
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Term
| Can a surgery of the kidneys, technically be done laparoscopically? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the ureters? |
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Definition
| ONLY to transport urine to the bladder |
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Term
| Are the components of the urinary system the same for males and females? |
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Definition
| The kidneys, ureters, and bladder are the same, but the Urethras are different. The male urethra is longer and narrower than the short and wide urethra that females have. Also, the male urethra is responsible for carrying semen out |
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Term
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Definition
| it is the triangular region of the internal urinary bladder formed by the two ureteral orifices and the internal urethral orifice |
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Term
| What must you remove if you are to eat an animal kidney? |
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Definition
| The renal capsule, otherwise it will taste like urine |
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Term
| What is the renal capsule? |
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Definition
| It is fibrous conn. tissue that serves as the serous membrane of the kidney much like the pericardium for the heart or perimysium for the muscle |
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Term
| The kidney is divided into what two regions? |
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Definition
| The cortex (outer) and the medulla (inner) |
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Term
| T/F. All urine production happens in the adrenal cortex. |
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Definition
| FALSE. All urine production happens in the RENAL cortex (that is where all nephrons are located) |
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Term
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| what separates (anatomically) the cortex from the medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| The medullary pyramids are separated by the ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the apex of the pyramids is also called the ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the flow of urine as it enters the collecting ducts. |
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Definition
| From the collecting duct (connecting tubule) the urine flows thru the papilla into the minor calyx, 2-3 minor calyces join to form the major calyx, all the major calyces join to form the renal pelvis. Urine drains thru the renal pelvis into the ureter and down to bladder. The bladder will empty urine (when necessary) into the urethra where it is evacuated to the outside world |
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Term
| describe the arterial flow of blood thru the kidney. |
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Definition
| Renal artery--> 2-3 segmental arteries--> 2-3 lobar arteries--> several interlobar arteries (which go in b/w pyramids, dividing them)--> at the base of the pyramid the interlobar arteries curve to form the arcuate arteries--> interlobular arteries--> afferent arteriole |
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Term
| venous drainage of the kidney happens by way of what vessel? |
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Definition
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Term
| Starting with the interlobular veins, how does venous drainage thru the kiney occur? |
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Definition
interlobular veins--> arcuate veins--> interlobar veins--> renal vein
(No lobar or segmental vein) |
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Term
| The blood that exits the glomerulus via the efferent arteriole will then go to the _________ and drain into the __________. |
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Definition
| vasa recta (straight vessels), arcuate vein |
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Term
| What 3 mechanisms regulate BP? |
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Definition
1. instantaneous- autonomic NS
2. mid-term: vessels (dilation/relaxation)
3. long-term: kidneys thru Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
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Term
| how does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system work? |
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Definition
| renin is released (by JG apparatus) and converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II in the lungs by ACE. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor, but also promotes the secretion of aldosterone from the renal cortex which functions to increase BP by reabsorption of Na+ and water |
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Term
| What are the functions of the kidneys? |
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Definition
1. Urine formation
2. long term BP control
3. long term pH regulation
4. fluid and electrolyte balance
5. erythropoiesis |
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Term
| are nephrons considered to be part of the cortex or medulla? |
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Definition
| the cortex, even though they extend down into the medulla |
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Term
| What are the two types of nephrons? |
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Definition
| juxtamedullary nephron (most of L.O.H. in medulla) and cortical nephron (most of L.O.H. in cortex) |
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Term
A) T/F. Most nephrons are cortical nephrons
B) T/F. cortical nephrons are very important for concentration of urine |
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Definition
A) TRUE
B) FALSE. The juxtamedullary nephrons are important for concentration of urine |
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Term
| T/F. All urine is formed in the cortex |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two parts of the nephron? |
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Definition
1. Renal corpuscle (which contains glomerulus and Bowman's capsule)
2. Tubular system |
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Term
| T/F. The glomerulus receives arterial blood from afferent arteriole and drains arterial blood thru the efferent arteriole. This flow is intermittent. |
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Definition
| FALSE. Everything is true except the flow is continuous and does not stop |
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Term
| T/F. Everything that gets into the bowman's capsule will enter the PCT. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once fluid enters PCT where does it go? |
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Definition
| to the thin, descending limb of loop of Henle, then to the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, then to the DCT and to the connecting tubule/collecting duct |
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Term
| T/F. Each nephron will drain to only one specific collecting duct and each collecting duct is specific for one nephron. |
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Definition
| FALSE. Each nephron will drain to one specific collecting duct, but one collecting duct receives urine from multiple nephrons |
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Term
| There is a series of cells around the glomerulus known as the _________. What is the function of it? |
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Definition
| juxtaglomerular apparatus; its function is to secrete erythropoietin and renin |
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Term
| in conjunction with the juxtamedullary nephrons, what else is responsible for contentration of urine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the collecting tubule/duct part of the nephron? |
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Definition
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Term
| This structure has a lot of mitochondria within the epithelial tissue lining it and also has many microvilli. Why? |
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Definition
| Proximal convoluted tubule. The mitochondria are necessary for active transport of solutes in and out and the microvilli increase surface area to enhance absorption |
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Term
| T/F. The DCT contains a lot of villi |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. The DCT does not contain many mitochondria. |
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Definition
| FALSE. They have many mitochondria because the DCT actively reabsorbs Na+, K=, and Cl- |
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Term
T/F. The efferent arterioles will eventually become peritubular capillaries.
What are peritubular capillaries? |
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Definition
TRUE;
peritubular capillaries take in the substances that are reabsorbed by the tubular system and carry it out to the body. They also secrete substances into the tubular system to be evacuated in urine |
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Term
| What are the three processes by which urine formation occurs? |
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Definition
**These processes take place in the CORTEX**
1. filtration: happens at glomeruli. Everything filtered enters the Bowman's capsule and then the PCT
2. Reabsorption: some things are reabsorbed in the PCT into interstitial spaces and into peritubular capillaries
3. Secretion: substances move from peritubular capillaries to tubular system for urinary excretioin |
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Term
| The fluid that gets into the Bowman's capsule is known as ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| When does "filtrate" become "urine"? |
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Definition
| When it gets into the collecting ducts |
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Term
| What is glomerular filtration? |
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Definition
| A PASSIVE process in which solvents and solutes cross thru the glomerular-capsular membrane into the Bowman's capsule in favor of the hydrostatic PRESSURE gradient. |
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Term
| The glomerular hydrostatic pressure is opposed by what two pressures? |
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Definition
| the capsular hydrostatic pressure and the plasmatic oncotic pressure (from the filtrate in the PCT) |
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Term
| What mechanism makes possible the generation of a hydrostatic pressure greater than the sum of the two opposing pressures? |
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Definition
| The afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole so more volume gets in than out PER TIME UNIT.** |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. The normal GFR is 125mL/min per glomerulus. |
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Definition
| FALSE. It is 125 mL/min for all glomeruli combined |
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Term
| 125 mL/min enters the PCT where __% is reabsorbed, leaving ___mL/min to enter the loop of Henle. The descending limb of the LOH is permeable to water and __ mL are reabsorbed here leaving ___ mL/min to enter the DCT. ___ mL are reabsorbed by the DCT leaving ___ mL to enter the collecting duct. ___ mL are reabsorbed in the collecting duct (in presence of ADH) leaving __mL to enter the minor calyx and eventually leave as urine |
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Definition
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Term
| how much filtrate will the nephron process in an entire day? |
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Definition
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Term
| Filtrate is very similar to blood, what is the difference? |
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Definition
| It does not contain blood cells or large proteins |
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Term
A) T/F. Filtrate is hypertonic to plasma.
B) How much urine do we output in a day? |
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Definition
A) FALSE. It is isotonic to plasma
B) ~1.5 L |
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Term
| T/F. Urine is hypertonic. |
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Definition
| FALSE. It can be hypertonic or hypotonic based on fluid intake |
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Term
| T/F. The GFR is regulated by the kidneys' intrinsic or autoregulatory system which will maintain a constant GFR despite changes in BP |
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Definition
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Term
| Total blood volume is filtered every ___ min and the ECF is reworked in the kidneys more than ___ times a day. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What substances is the PCT capable of reabsorbing? |
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Definition
| glucose, amino acids, vitamins, lactate, and most ions |
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Term
| up to 80-85% of energy used in active transport is to reabsorb what ion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the transport maximum for glucose? |
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Definition
| 375 mg/min which corresponds to ~160 mg/dL. If our blood glucose exceeds this, glucose will be peed out |
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Term
| T/F. Protein/amino acid reabsorption in the tubular system occurs via phagocytosis |
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Definition
| FALSE. Pinocytosis (active transport) |
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Term
| T/F. Active transport requires both energy (ATP) and a carrier |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. substances that are very important and that the body needs will have a high transport maximum and if it is something the body doesn't want the transport is very low. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. 75-80% of glucose and amino acids that are reabsorbed occurs at the level of the PCT. |
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Definition
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Term
A) T/F. 75-80% of Na+ and water that will be reabsorbed will occur at the PCT.
B)Nearly all K+ and uric acid that will be reabsorbed occurs in the DCT |
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Definition
A) TRUE
B) FALSE. Happens in the PCT |
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Term
| Can substances be reabsorbed and then later secreted? |
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Definition
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Term
| The descending limb of the LOH is permeable to (water, sodium, both) and the ascending limb is permeable to (water, sodium, both) |
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Definition
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