Term
| What two parts does the digestive system consist of? |
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Definition
1. G.I. Tract- single, continuous tube that starts at esophagus and ends at anus
2. accessory organs (liver, pancreas, oral cavity, salivary glands etc.) |
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Term
| What is the function of the pyloric sphincter? |
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Definition
| To regulate the amount of of chyme (partially digested food, HCl, enzymes) that gets from stomach to duodenum |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of salivary glands and what is the function of them as a whole? |
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Definition
| sublingual, parotid, and submaxillary- they produce and secrete saliva (salts, enzymes, antibacterial substances) which function to help with swallowing and also salivary amylase will help partially digest carbs that we ingest. |
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Term
| What is the function of the esophagus? |
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Definition
| Connects pharynx with gastric chamber (stomach)- NO DIGESTION OCCURS IN ESOPHAGUS. Propulsion (Peristalsis) occurs in esophagus |
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Term
| What is pyloric syndrome? |
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Definition
| Malfunction of pyloric sphincter that causes retention of gastric contents |
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Term
| What separates the small and large intestines? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pouch like structure- it is the first portion of the large intestine. |
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Term
| where in the G.I. tract does most water get absorbed? |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. The large intestine mostly absorbs Na+. |
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Definition
| FALSE. It mostly absorbs water |
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Term
| What are the functions of the digestive system? |
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Definition
| Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Excretion |
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Term
| T/F. Most absorption occurs in the jejunum and ileum. |
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Definition
| FALSE. Most absorption occurs in duodenum. SOME absorption occurs in jejunum and ileum |
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Term
| T/F. Chemical digestion of ALL nutrients (proteins, carbs, fats) occurs in the duodenum |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. The oral cavity will assist in chemical digestion of fats |
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Definition
| FALSE. The oral cavity only assists in the chemical digestion of simple carbohydrates with the use of salivary amylase |
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Term
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Definition
| Incorporating something from the outside world into digestive system |
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Term
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Definition
| transforming what you ingest into something that can be absorbed |
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Term
| Explain the events of mechanical digestion. |
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Definition
1. you chew the food making it smaller
2. you swallow the food and it is carried to the stomach by the esophagus
3. In the stomach, a series of contractions (churning) occurs, which mixes the contents
4. Food passes thru the pyloric sphincter to the small intestines where segmentation occurs- this occurs by way of contraction in different areas of small intestines |
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Term
| T/F. The segmentation of the small intestines also advances the food down the GI tract toward the colon. |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does propulsion occur? |
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Definition
| In the mouth (swallowing) and in the esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines (peristalsis) |
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Term
| T/F. Mechanical digestion for ALL nutrients occurs in the stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. Chemical digestion of ALL nutrients occurs in the stomach. |
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Definition
| FALSE. Only chemical digestion of proteins occurs in the stomach |
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Term
| What is HCl important for? |
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Definition
1. denaturation of proteins
2. activation of pepsinogen to pepsin to start the digestion of proteins |
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Term
| T/F. In the duodenum, chemical digestion of all nutrients will occur. With proteins and carbs it will be with the same enzymes that they were using in the mouth and stomach. |
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Definition
| FALSE. These are different enzymes that are secreted by the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| By the use of bile (which is constantly produced and secreted by the liver), which EMULSIFIES the fats. This breaks them down into smaller, uniformly distributed particles. Then, digestive enzymes secreted by pancreas finish the job. |
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Term
| Why must fats undergo emulsification? |
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Definition
| because they are not water soluble |
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Term
A) does absorption occur in the mouth?
B) in the stomach?
C) in the small intestines? |
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Definition
A) A very small amount occurs by way of sublingual veins that empty into SVC
B) Not really. However, alcohols are quickly absorbed in the stomach
C)Yes, most absorption occurs in small intestines by way of microvilli |
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Term
| What vessels are in the villi? |
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Definition
| Arterial capillary, venous capillary, and leacteal (lymph. vessel) |
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Term
A) gallbladder connects to small intestine by way of ___________.
B) What vessel is responsible for bringing all the bile from the liver? |
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Definition
A) cystic duct
B) common bile duct |
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Term
| What two vessels join to form the common bile duct? |
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Definition
| the common hepatic duct and the cystic duct |
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Term
| What two vessels join to form the common hepatic duct? |
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Definition
| The right and left hepatic ducts |
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Term
A) Where is the liver located?
B) T/F. The liver is the largest organ in the body |
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Definition
A) In the right hypochondriac region
B) FALSE. It is the largest GLAND in the body and the largest ORGAN within the abdominal cavity |
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Term
| Name the 4 lobes of the liver |
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Definition
| Right lobe (largest), left lobe, quadrate lobe, and caudate lobe |
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Term
| What is the falsiform ligament? |
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Definition
| It is a remnant of fetal circulation |
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Term
| T/F. The liver is extraperitoneal |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver's superior portion is in contact with the _________ and the _______ is located in the inferior region of the liver. |
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Definition
| inferior portion of the diaphragm; gallbladder |
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Term
| The liver (and spleen) is a _______ organ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Vascular: expandable to allow for storage of blood, but also squeeze reserve blood out in time of need. Also filters blood
2. Metabolism
3. Secretory- formation and secretion of bile
4. Excretory- after metabolism the liver excretes substances to be eliminated |
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Term
| What drug is good for biliary infections because it is excreted in bile? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the functional unit of the liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver lobule is contructed around _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The central veins from the liver lobules will connect to _________ veins, which will empty into __________, which carry blood from WHOLE liver to the _______. |
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Definition
| interlobular; right and left hepatic veins; Inferior vena cava |
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Term
| What is the portal triad? |
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Definition
| bile duct, portal vein, hepatic artery |
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Term
| Where does bile from the bile ducts of portal triad go? |
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Definition
| they come together to form the right and left hepatic ducts which join the common hepatic duct which joins with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct which empties into duodenum |
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Term
| What produces and secretes bile? |
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Definition
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Term
| portal triad also known as __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. blood of the hepatic artery and portal vein from the triad flow through separate vessels within the sinusoids. |
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Definition
| FALSE. They mix and flow thru sinusoids |
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Term
| T/F. The sinusoidal flow (blood from hepatic artery and portal vein) is opposite in direction of the flow of bile thru the bile canaliculi. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They are macrophages that exist within/on the wall of the sinusoids. They clean blood that passes thru sinusoids (very efficient-- no more than 1% of bacteria that came thru sinusoids will enter hepatic veins) |
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Term
| Every minute ____ liters of blood flows from the portal vein into liver sinusoids and ____ mL from the arterial system, accounting for ___% of CO and ___% of total body blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver normally stores ___ mL of blood. Almost ___% of body's total blood volume. |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F. The liver is one of the only organs that blood flow to it is not affected by exercise. |
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Definition
| FALSE. During exercise the amount of blood flow that the liver receives is drastically reduced (like most other organs) and is sent to the skeletal muscles |
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Term
| What is the role of the liver in carbohydrate metabolism? |
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Definition
1. it converts fructose and galactose into glucose
2. it converts glucose into glycogen
3. converts glycogen into glucose and fat
3. converts fat into glycogen
4. it does gluconeogenesis
5. liver is responsible for the cori cycle in which lactic acid is converted into glucose |
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Term
| why is the cori cycle so important? |
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Definition
| because lactic acid (a byproduct of anaerobic metabolism) is toxic to the body and it is crucial that we have this mechanism to convert the lactic acid over to glucose |
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Term
| What is the role of the liver in fat metabolism? |
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Definition
1. oxidation of fatty acids to supple energy
2. formation of lipoproteins
3. synthesis of cholesterol and phospholipids
4. conversion of carbs and protein into fat |
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Term
| T/F. about 40% of cholesterol is converted into bile salts |
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Definition
| FALSE. About 80% of cholesterol is converted into bile salts |
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Term
| What is the role of the liver in protein metabolism? |
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Definition
1. formation of plasma proteins
2. TRANSAMINATION
3. DEAMINATION |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfers amine group from one amino acid to another to create new amino acids. This is only possible with the 12 NON-ESSENTIAL amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of amine group from an amino acid which converts it to ammonia (toxic) which is converted to urea to be removed |
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Term
| T/F. 90% of plasma proteins are formed in the liver. |
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Definition
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Term
| What other important vitamins/minerals does the liver store? |
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Definition
| Vitamins A, D, and B12 as well as iron |
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Term
| An excess accumulation of iron in the liver is known as _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| What coagulation factors are produced by the liver? |
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Definition
| fibrinogen, prothrombin, plasminogen, and factors 5 and 7-13 |
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