Term
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Definition
| lipid that is carred by carrier proteins, transport to blood |
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Term
| LDL (low density lipoproteins) |
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Definition
| cholesterol to heart that is associated with blocked blood vessels, high blood pressure, heart attacks, ad correlates with cancer. |
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Term
| HDL (high density lipoproteins) |
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Definition
| cholesterol to liver and lowers risk of cardiovascular disease, exercise increases these, smoking decreases them. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| eat both plant and animal material |
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Term
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Definition
| process of converting food into useful energy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| food physically broken down into smaller pieces |
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Term
|
Definition
enzymes break down food.
proteins--> amino acids
nucleic acids--> nucleotides
polysaccharide/disaccharide--> monosaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
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Term
| glands in digestive system |
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Definition
| salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| waves of smooth muscle contractions |
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Term
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Definition
| ringlike muscles; act like valves |
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Term
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Definition
| Closes off stomach from esophagus |
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Term
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Definition
| Closes off small intestine from stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing, transport of gases by the circulatory system, exchange of gases with body cells to the mitochondria |
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Term
| 3 caracteristics of respiratory surfaces |
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Definition
| moist, single cell layer, gas diffusion |
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Term
|
Definition
| direct exchange with body cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| direct exchange with body cells |
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Term
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Definition
| nasal cavity, pharynx, esophagus, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchus, bronchiole, alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
passive process
air inhaled
Rib cage expands as rib musclescontract
Diaphragm contracts (moves down)
Pulling ribs up and out
pulling thoracic cavity down |
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Term
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Definition
| can never force all air out of the lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| allow us to breathe while sleeping, they are the pons and the medulla oblongata |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| blood pressure whn muscles are contracted |
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Term
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Definition
| when valves do not close completely leads to a backflow of blood |
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Term
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Definition
| pushing against arterial walls |
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Term
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Definition
| high blood pressure (140/90 or more) |
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Term
|
Definition
Special blood supply to heart--coronary arteries
Blockage leads to muscle cell death--myocardial infarction: 1/3 die; inefficient pumping |
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Term
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Definition
| death of brain tissue due to blockage of head arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| hardening of arteries because of plaque |
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Term
|
Definition
| plasma (55%), cells (45%). plasma is 90% water |
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Term
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Definition
| fiber mesh that clots blood |
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Term
|
Definition
red blood cells, Transport oxygen
and help transport carbon dioxide |
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Term
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Definition
| white blood cell, attacks viruses and cacer cells by releasing chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| engulf and digest bacteria and cellular debris |
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Term
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Definition
| not cells, help with blood clotting |
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Term
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Definition
| infection agents that cause disease (viruses-nonliving, bacteria-prokaryotes, protozoans-eukarotes) |
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Term
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Definition
| innate imuunity and aquired immunity |
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Term
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Definition
| skin, nostril hairs, mucous membranes, ciliated respiratory lining |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins created by virus-infected cells that help other cells resist the virus |
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Term
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Definition
| histamine release triggered by microorganisms or injury that promotes increased blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the form of an oranism's structures |
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Term
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Definition
| study of the function of structures |
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Term
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Definition
| sheets of tightly packed cells that cover body surfaces and line internal organs and cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
| sheets of tightly packed clls that cover body surfaces and line internal organs and cavities |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
screte/exchange
molecules, lines kidneys |
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Term
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Definition
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Term
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium |
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Definition
fake appearance of
layering, found in
respiratory tract |
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Term
| stratified squamous epithelium |
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Definition
can be found in the
esophagus |
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Term
|
Definition
| sparse population of cells scattere thrugh an extracellular matrix. cells produce the matrix, which is a web of fiber. |
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Term
|
Definition
| can be found underneath the skin |
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Term
| fibrous connective tissue |
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Definition
| is used when forming a tendon |
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Term
|
Definition
| fat tissue cells that each have a fat droplet, the size of the fat droplet gives the size of someone's body. Different people are born with different numbers of adipose tissue, when a person gains weight the tissue grows, when people lose weight the tissue shrinks. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Long bundles of long cells; cytoplasm contains contractile proteins that are arranged anatomically for contraction, and arranged in parallel |
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Term
| three types of muscle tissue |
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Definition
| skeletal, smooth, cardiac |
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Term
|
Definition
| striated and multi-nucleic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (each cell is its own entity) it doesn’t have stripes on it, and has a smooth appearance. It can not be controlled (in the digestive system) |
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Term
|
Definition
§ Computed tomography
§ x-ray based
§ Thin cross-sections -- individual or stacked |
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Term
|
Definition
Positron emission tomography
Information about metabolic activity
Glucose + radioactive isotope. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium that replenishes itself (Rapid cell division near base of epidermis,Keratin and waterproofing glycolipid, Dead cells for 2 weeks ) and have a Waterproof covering (Dehydration & Microbes) |
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Term
|
Definition
| inner layer of dense connective tissue that holds hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, muscles, nerves, sensory receptors, blood vessels |
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Term
|
Definition
| contains mostly adipose tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| waterproof (water in and out), info about weather (pressure, motion, temperature; nervous system), temperature regulation, and synthesis (vitamin D) |
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Term
|
Definition
Oil at follicle lubricates, conditions (anti-bacterial)
insulation and sensory |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
a) Stimulus and response are inversely related (i. e. thermostat and temperature control)
b) Decreasing temerperature: furnace kickks on (heat)
c) Increasing temperature: air-conditioner kicks on (cool) |
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Term
|
Definition
| incisors, canines, premolars, molars, wisdom tooth |
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Term
|
Definition
Mucus (glycoprotein)
Buffers Antibacterial Amylase: enzyme, hydrolyzes starch
(Breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth) |
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Term
|
Definition
| throat. trachea is covered by epiglottis. connected to esophagus, which has esophageal sphincter (closes off esophagus to kep food from coming back up) |
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Term
|
Definition
maximum capacity of 2 liters.
linging is replaced every 3 days.
mechanical digestion (smooth muscle contraction), chemical digestion (gastric juice) |
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Term
|
Definition
| mucus (for lubrication and protection of stomach lining to not be digested), HCL (which converst pepsinogen to pepsin-an active enzyme), and pepsinogen. the meal then turns to chyme. |
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Term
|
Definition
| gastric ulcers and peptic ulcers that form because of bacteria (helicobacter pylori) that breech the mucus layer of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| main site of chemical digestion and nutrient absorbtion |
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Term
|
Definition
| detox and blood glucose level regulation |
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Term
| function of water in plasma |
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Definition
| solvent for carrying other sbstances |
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Term
|
Definition
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Chloride
Bicarbonate |
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Term
| function of blood electrolytes |
|
Definition
Osmotic balance, pH buffering, and
regulation of membrane permeability |
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Term
|
Definition
| dead WBCs + leaked capillary fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulate phagocytosis and repair |
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Term
|
Definition
massive systemic inflammatory
response due to bacterial infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| any foreign molecule that triggers response |
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Term
|
Definition
| protein in plasma that binds to speific antigen |
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Term
|
Definition
| defensive responses activated only AFTER the exposure to pathogens |
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Term
|
Definition
mature in bone
marrow; reside in lymphatic
system; secrete antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
mature in thymus; reside in lymphatic system; attack infected cells, promote
phagocytosis; stimulate B cells to produce antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| mature in Tymus; reside in lymphatic system; attack infected cell, promote phagocytosis, stimulate B cells to make antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| hypersensitive responses to antibodies |
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Term
|
Definition
signaling molecules secreted into
circulation that regulate a VAST number of cellular processes |
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Term
|
Definition
| hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, gonad, pancreas |
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Term
|
Definition
Bind to receptor proteins on target cells
Mediate responses to environmental stimuli and regulate growth, development, and reproduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| are water soluble and polypeptides and amines |
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Term
|
Definition
| are not soluble in water but soluble in lipids |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
generic term for a molecule
which binds a receptor |
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Term
|
Definition
| Binding of a hormone to its receptor initiates a pathway of events, leading to responses in the cytoplasm, enzyme activation, or a change in gene expression |
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Term
|
Definition
Pea-sized, near brain center.
Entrains biorhythms to
light-dark cycle, esp sleepwake
cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
Peptide hormone that
stimulates T cell
development |
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Term
| posterior pituitary gland |
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Definition
| extension of the hypothalamus, stores and secretes 2 hormones produced by the hypothalamus |
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Term
|
Definition
uterine muscle contraction in labor;
mammary gland milk secretion in nursing |
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Term
|
Definition
Synthesize & secrete numerous hormones
into the blood. Hypothalamus controls
it by releasing and inhibiting hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
| mediates stress signal and activates adrenals |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| signals entire body, protein synthesis, using fat for energy, growth and development of body parts. |
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Term
|
Definition
| regulated by negative feedback |
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Term
|
Definition
Just under the larynx. Affect all body tissues. In humans, raises metabolism
Maintains normal bp (blood pressure), heart rate, muscle tone, digestion, reproductive functions |
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Term
|
Definition
Atop the kidneys
Adrenal medulla – “fight-or-flight” hormones. Adrenal cortex “long term stress” hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| ○ Produce gametes and produce sex hormones |
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Term
|
Definition
| One parent. One genome. Genetically-identical offspring ("clone") |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of asexual reproduction in which the parent divides into two daughter cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of asexual reproduction in which the offspring is an outgrowth of the parent |
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Term
|
Definition
| the parent breaks off into little pieces and voila. babies. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two parents. Two genomes contribute. Genetic variety: offspring has traits from both parents |
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Term
|
Definition
| produces projesterone (which maintains pregnancy) |
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Term
|
Definition
development of a mature ova
i. Produces only one (as opposed to 4 sperm) mature haploid ovum, 2 polar bodies
ii. Long "resting" periods, whereas sperm are produced in uninterrupted sequences
iii. Eggs not produced continuously throughout life
iv. Rest in Meiosis 2 until sperm is present
1) Finishes meiosis then
No egg becomes mature until sperm comes along |
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Term
|
Definition
production of mature sperm
i. Straightforward
1) Meiosis 1
2) Meiosis 2
3) Produces 4 mature gametes
ii. Produced continuously throughout reproductive life |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| from 2-cell stage til 8 weeks |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| 40 weeks from time of last menstrual cycle |
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Term
|
Definition
| fertilization of egg by sperm |
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Term
|
Definition
| head of sperm cell, stores enzymes for penetrating egg. has a haploid nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
i. Pregnancy is 38 weeks(fertilization, 40 weeks (menses)
ii. Endometrium grows around blastocyst
iii. Inner cell mass (stem cells)
iv. Forms placenta: part embryonic & part maternal
v. When a lot of genetic mutations can become problematic
vi. Organogenesis |
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Term
|
Definition
i. Fetal activity
ii. Placenta is sole source of progesterone
1) No longer corpus luteum
2) Mother/baby blood supply almost intertwined |
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Term
|
Definition
i. Mother's abdominal organs displaced, extreme discomfort
ii. High estrogen levels induce oxytocin receptors in uterine muscle
1) Oxytocin (fetal and maternal) induces labor
iii. Parturition |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| increases conduction velocity |
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous system |
|
Definition
- Transmits information to and from the central nervous system
- It regulates movement and the internal environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| voluntary movements; skeletal muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| involuntary; regulates internal organs. 2 divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
|
Definition
| An electrical impulse that propagates down the axon.Arises from the sequential influx of sodium ions (depolarize)and efflux of potassium ions (repolarize) through ion channels |
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Term
|
Definition
| motor neurons --> muscle cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| sleep and wakefulness, mood |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| major inhibitory neurotransmitter of CNS |
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Term
|
Definition
| counteracts inhibitory neurotransmitters |
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Term
|
Definition
| possibly increases GABA effects |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| thought to block re-uptake of dopamine |
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Term
|
Definition
| cluster of neuron cell bodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| largest part of the brain, cortex is divided into two parts (gray matter-cell bodies, and white matter-axons of cell bodies)and divided into two sides (right and left) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the way the right and left hemispheres of the brain communicate |
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Term
|
Definition
| planning, cognitive functions, delaying gratification, speech, MOTOR CORTEX |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| touch, SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX |
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Term
|
Definition
| HEARING, smell, auditory association areas |
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Term
|
Definition
| visual association areas, VISION |
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Term
|
Definition
| contain cerebrospinal fluid, which cushions the central nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| main relay for sensory info to and motor info from cerebrum |
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Term
|
Definition
| circadian rhythms, wake/sleep cycles |
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Term
|
Definition
| pons and medulla oblongata |
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Term
|
Definition
| regulate the breathing centers in the medulla |
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Term
|
Definition
| control centers for breathing, cardiovascualr activity, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion (among others) |
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Term
|
Definition
§ Coordination and error checking during motor, perceptual, and cognitive functions
Learning and remembering motor skills |
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Term
|
Definition
| - Produce ultrasonic chirps to lacate prey target, the sound wave bounces off the prey, and the bats measure the delay between the emitted sound pulse and the echo. The pulse rate increases when they approach the target. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| - These animals can detect electric fields through electroreceptors in the skin, but cannot produce an electric discharge (sharks, man other fishes, some amphibians, platypus) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| - These animals can produce strong or weak electric discharges (electric eel, electric fish - found in different countries, not the US) |
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Term
|
Definition
| turning stimulus energy (from one of the five senses) into an electric signal |
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Term
|
Definition
naked nerve endings
• close to the surface |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
mechanical stimuli
• touch & pressure
• stretching
• motion
• sound |
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Term
|
Definition
in nose and taste buds
• chemicals |
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Term
|
Definition
energy of various wavelengths:
• electricity, light, or magnetism |
|
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Term
|
Definition
• outer ear
• tympanic membrane
• middle ear: hammer anvil stirrup
• oval window
• cochlea: organ of Corti
• auditory nerve
• brain |
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