Term
| What are proteins made of? |
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Definition
| Long chains of amino acids |
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Term
| What can produce different proteins? |
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Definition
| Different arrangement of the molecules. |
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Term
| What is the function of proteins- in antibodies? |
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Definition
| The chemicals of antibodies are produced by white blood cells to fight disease |
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Term
| What is the function of proteins- Hormones? |
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Definition
| They are chemical messengers which are transported around the body through blood. |
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Term
| What are the functions of proteins-Enzymes? |
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Definition
| These are biological catalysts which make reaction speed up |
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Term
| What is the function of proteins in terms of structural? |
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Definition
They form muscles and tendons
Muscles- contract to move bones
Tnedons- attach muscles to bones |
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Term
| What is activation energy? |
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Definition
| The minimum amount of energy that particles need to react. |
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Term
| What can the rate of chemical reactions increase by? |
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Definition
| Temperature, concentration and presence of a catalyst |
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Term
| Why does increase in temperature increase the rate of reaction? |
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Definition
| Increasing the temperature of reacting particles will increase the rate of reaction as the particles have more kinetic energy and will collide more often with enough energy to react. |
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Term
| Why does increasing the concentration of particles increase the rte of reaction? |
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Definition
| There are more particles present and therefore there is a higher chance that they will react with enough energy to make the reaction take place. |
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Term
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Definition
| Catalysts are special chemicals which increase the rate of chemical reactions while remaining itself unchanged. |
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Term
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Definition
| They work by bringing reacting particles together (attracting them) and lowering the activation energy needed for the particles to react. |
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Term
| Reactions in what type of cell need catalysts and why? |
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Definition
| In living cells as they have to be carried out at particular rates otherwise life would not be sustained. |
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Term
| What are biological catalysts called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are enzymes used to catalyse? |
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Definition
Building up large molecules rom smaller ones e.g. protein synthesis and photosynthesis
Breaking down large molecules into smaller ones e.g.respiration and digestion
Changing one molecule into another |
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Term
| What are enzymes made of? |
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Definition
| Large protein molecules made up of long chains of amino acids. |
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Term
| What is the active site made up of? |
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Definition
| Long chains of protein molecules that are folded and coiled to produce a specific shape who enables other molecules to fit into the enzyme. |
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Term
| What will enzymes only react with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why will an enzyme only react with a specific substrate? |
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Definition
| The active site is complementary in shape to the substrate so the substrate fits into the active site. This lowers the activation energy. |
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Term
| Why is animal tissue more active than plant tissue? |
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Definition
| Animal tissue is more metabolically active |
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Term
| What is the lock and key hypothesis? |
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Definition
The substrate fits into the active site on the enzyme due to its complementary shape.
The active site changes shape slightly and puts pressure on the substrate molecule, this reduces the activation energy.
Products are forms in the active site
The products are released from the active site which is then ready to receive the next substrate molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| A substance which changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being change itself. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The special site in the structure of an enzyme where the substrate binds |
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Term
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Definition
| The pH which the enzymes work best at. |
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Term
| Define: Intracellular Enzymes |
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Definition
| These are enzymes that are involved in chemical reactions inside body cells |
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Term
| Define: Extracellular Enzymes |
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Definition
| Enzymes which work outside body cells |
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Term
| What are the functions of the gut? |
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Definition
To help break down food into smaller pieces and increase the surface area for enzymes to work on.
Mixes food with digestive juices so that enzymes come into contact with the food molecules.
Muscles in the wall of the gut move food from one area to the next in a process called peristalsis |
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Term
| What is the main purpose of digestion? |
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Definition
| To turn large insoluble food molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed into the blood stream and be carried around the blood stream to all areas of the body where they can be used |
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Term
| What are starch molecules made up of? |
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Definition
| Long chains of glucose molecules |
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Term
| Where is amylase produced? |
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Definition
| In the salivary glands and in the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| It breaks down starch by breaking down the bonds holding the glucose molecules together . |
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Term
| Why does amylase convert starch into glucose? |
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Definition
| Glucose molecules are small enough to pass through cells which form the gut wall and then into the blood stream trough the blood vessel wall. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which organ makes enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What pH is the small intestines? |
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Definition
| Slightly alkaline due to bile |
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Term
| Where is the main site of digestion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is protein broken down into? |
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Definition
| Proteases such as pepsin brak them down into amino acids |
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Term
| What are carbohydrates broken down into? |
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Definition
| Carbohydrases such as amylase break them down into glucose |
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Term
| What are fats broken down into? |
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Definition
| Lipases break the down into fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
| What tests the presence of glucose? |
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Definition
| Benedict's Regent. It turns blue to orange if glucose is present. |
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Term
| How would you test for the presence of starch? |
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Definition
| You add iodine and if starch is present it will turn from red to blue/black. |
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Term
| In what conditions is optimum for salivary amylase? |
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Definition
| Neutral. Slightly alkaline- Approximately, pH7 |
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Term
| What is the name of the enzyme found in the stomach and in what conditions does it work best in? |
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Definition
| Pepsin (gastric protease) works in very acidic conditions such as pH 2 due to hydrochloric acid being produced in the stomach to kill any bacteria |
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Term
| What enzymes are found in the early part of the small intestines? In which conditions do they work best in? |
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Definition
Pancreatic amylase, pancreatic protease, and pancreatic lipase
The conditions are slightly acidic to begin with and then go alkaline as bile and pancreatic juices contain an alkaline solution to neutralise the stomach acid |
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Term
| Which enzymes are found in the latter part of the small intestines?In which conditions do they work best in? |
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Definition
Carbohydrase, protease and lipase.
Due to the bile and pancreatic juices conditions are slightly alkaline at pH8 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is bile released into the small intestines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of bile? |
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Definition
Bile is alkaline so it helps to neutralise the acid from the stomach. This is because enzymes in the small intestines work best in alkaline conditions
Also, it emulsifies the dat in food. |
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Term
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Definition
| The break down of large fat droplets into smaller droplets. This gives a larger surface are for the lipase to work on |
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Term
| True or False- Bile digests fats chemically |
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Definition
| False, the bile breaks them down into smaller droplets. It is the lipase that breaks its down into fatty acids and glycerol |
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Term
| The stomach produces gastric juices containing what? |
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Definition
| Pepsin and hydrochloric acid |
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Term
| Pepsin turns proteins into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pancreas transfers enzymes to where |
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Definition
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Term
| With the addition of protease what do polypeptides turn into? |
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Definition
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Term
| With the addition of salivary amylase what does starch turn into |
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Definition
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Term
| With the addition of pancreatic amylase what does starch turn into? |
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Definition
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Term
| With the addition of carbohydrase what does maltose turn into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is fat broken down into with the help of lipase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main substrate for respiration |
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Definition
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Term
| What are fatty acids and glycerol are used as? |
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Definition
A source of energy in respiration
to build up cell membranes
to make hormones
as an energy store in fat cells |
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Term
| Which enzymes to biological washing powders contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are the use of enzymes an advantage? |
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Definition
They give a cleaner wash
They can be used at lower temperatures so the cloths are less likely to become damaged and less electricity is used |
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Term
| Why are enzymes enclose in tiny capsules in washing powders? |
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Definition
| So the enzymes do not harm you if handled |
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Term
| What are some advantages of enzymes? |
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Definition
You do not need high temperatures or pressure for reactions
Enzyme based processes are cheap to run |
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Term
| What are some disadvantages of enzymes? |
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Definition
Enzymes are denatured to temperatures musty be low
The pH must be kept low so the conditions are expensive to maintain
Enzymes are expensive
Pure enzymes use the substrate efficiently but they are more expensive. |
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Term
| What enzyme is used to pre digest baby food? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are carbohydrases used for in the industry? |
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Definition
| They break down starch into glucose syrup. |
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Term
| What is isomerase enzymes used for in industry? |
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Definition
| They change glucose into fructose which is sweeter and therefore useful in diet foods. |
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Term
| What is pectinase used for in industry? |
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Definition
| Pectinase digests the pectin in the cell walls of the plant cells and therefore allows fruit juice to be extracted more efficiently |
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Term
| How do high temperatures effect enzymes? |
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Definition
| Enzymes start to denature at higher temperature. This means the active site changes shape and the substrate will no longer fit into it. |
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