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| Sea raiders from Scandinavia who plundered monasteries and villages for treasure and slaves. |
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| King of the Franks and later emperor. He established the Carolingian Empire and sponsored a brief intellectual revival. |
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| The name for the eastern half of the Roman Empire after Constantine moved the capital to an old Greek City. |
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| agricultural workers who belonged to the manor |
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| a noble follower who did military service for a king |
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| a grant of land in return for a sworn oath to provide military service. |
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| a device for securing a horseman's feet, enabling better weapons use. |
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