Term
| what is the affect of adrenergic activity on the eye? |
|
Definition
a1 recepters
contracts radial muscle of iris = mydriasis (dilation of pupil) |
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|
Term
| what is the affect of cholinergic activity on the eye? |
|
Definition
M3 receptors
contracts sphincter muscle of iris = miosis (constriction of pupil) |
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|
Term
| what is the affect of adrenergic activity on the heart? |
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Definition
| activates B1 receptors to increase heart rate (SA node) and increase contractability (atrai) |
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|
Term
| what is the affect of cholinergic activity on the heart? |
|
Definition
| Vagus nerve releases Ach which activate M2 receptors to decrease heart rate (SA node) and decrease contractability (atria) |
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|
Term
| what is the affect of adrenergic activity on the skin and mucosa? |
|
Definition
| a1 &a2 receptors produce vasoconstriction of blood vessels |
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|
Term
| what is the affect of cholinergic activity on the skin and mucosa? |
|
Definition
| M3 receptors dilate blood vessels |
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|
Term
| what is the affect of adrenergic activity on the pulmonary vasculature? |
|
Definition
| a1 receptors cause contraction in arterioles |
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|
Term
| what is the affect of chonergic activity on the pulmonary vasculature? |
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Definition
| M3 receptors cause dilation in pulmonary vasculature |
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|
Term
| what chemical messenger is released by cholinergic acitivty (parasympathetic)? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what chemical messenger is released between preganglionic fiber and postganglionic fiber in adrenergic activity (sympathetic)? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what chemical messenger is released between postganglionic fiber and the effector organ in adrenergic activity (sympathetic)? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is the affect of adrenergic activity on the intestine? |
|
Definition
| a2 receptors decrease motility and tone |
|
|
Term
| what is the affect of cholinergic activity on the intestine? |
|
Definition
| M3 receptors increase motility and tone |
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|
Term
| what is the affect of cholinergic activity on the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
| initiate secretion of Epi & NE |
|
|
Term
| what is the affect of adrenergic activity on the bladder? |
|
Definition
| b2 receptors relex detrusor muscle & a1 receptors contract sphincter |
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|
Term
| what is the affect of cholinergic activity on the bladder? |
|
Definition
| m3 receptors contract detrusor muscle and relax sphinctor (m3 makes you pee) |
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|
Term
| what chemical messenger activates both muscarinic and nicotinc receptors? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what is the function of choline ester or natural alkaloids? |
|
Definition
| direct acting to activate muscaurinic receptors |
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|
Term
| what is an indirect acting cholinergic stimulant? |
|
Definition
| cholinesterase inhibitors |
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|
Term
| what are the 4 choline esters discussed in lecture that act as direct choninergic stimulants? |
|
Definition
1. Ach
2. Methacholine
3. Carbachol
4. Bethanechol |
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|
Term
| what 2 choline esters are susceptible to rapid hydrolysis by cholinesterases and have major cardiovascular effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 choline esters are ressitant to hydrolysis by cholinesterases and have mjor effects on gastrointestinal system, bladder and eye? |
|
Definition
| Carbachol and bethanechol |
|
|
Term
| what antagonizes choline esters? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which choline ester is without nicotinc effects? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the affect of choline esters on the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| decreased sys and diastolic bp with characteristic reflex tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| what would happen if you applied a cholinergic agonist and a ganglionic blocking agent to bp and heart rate? |
|
Definition
| fall in bp, but no change in heart rate bc ganglionic blockers block reflex sympathetic actions |
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|
Term
| what are the effects of choline esters on the GI tract? |
|
Definition
| contrac the detrusor muscle and increase voiding pressure |
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|
Term
| what is the effect of choline esters on glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when would there be contraindications to using a choline ester? |
|
Definition
1. Asthma (increase bronchial secretions)
Coronary insufficiency (slowed AV conduction and contraction)
3. Peptic ulcer (increase intestinal secretions) |
|
|
Term
| what are the sings of toxicity by choline esters? |
|
Definition
flushing, sweating, abdominal cramps, pupillary constriction, salavation.
Antidote - Atropine |
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|
Term
| what drug is used after surgery to treat postoperative and postpartum urinary retention? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is used to treat xerostomia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drugs are used to opthamological preperations when miosis is desired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what drug is used for the long term treatment of glaucoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what class of drugs are pilocarpine and acedlidine? |
|
Definition
| cholinomimetic natural alkaloids |
|
|
Term
| what are the effects of pilocrpine and aceclidine on the pupil, intestine and bladder? |
|
Definition
pupil constriction and decrease in intracocule tone
increased intestinal tone
increase bladder smooth muscle tone |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the effects of choline esters v. natural alkaloids on the heart? |
|
Definition
both decrease BP but natural alkaloids don't have sympathetic reflex to increase heart rate
(Pilocarpine actually reduces heart rate!!) |
|
|
Term
| what are pilcarpine and aceclidine prescribed for? |
|
Definition
| reduce intraoccular pressure (glaucoma), inrease salivation (sjorgrens or head and neck radiation) |
|
|
Term
| what are the signs of natural alkaloid toxcity? |
|
Definition
BRADYCARDIA, salivation, vomitting, bronchospasm
Antidote - Atropine |
|
|
Term
| what class of drugs are physostigmine, neostigmine, edrophonium, pyridostimine, and embenonium? |
|
Definition
| Indirect acting parasympathetic agents: AchE inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| what type of drugs have been used in chemical weapons, nerve toxins and insecticides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the effect of AchE inhibitors on the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the MOA of atropine? |
|
Definition
| competitively blocks access of Ach to muscurinic receptor (M2 on cardiac muscle and m3 on smooth muscle and at very high concentrations it iwll block M1 receptors in the ganglia) |
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|
Term
| what are the effects of antimuscurinic drugs? |
|
Definition
| everything opposite of the cholinergic actions |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 examples of competitive neuromuscular blocking agents? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the only depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the result of succinylcholine on muscles? |
|
Definition
| rapid fasiculations and flaccid paralysis |
|
|
Term
| what drug type results in the release of histamine? |
|
Definition
| neuromusclar blocking agents |
|
|
Term
| what is the affect of neurmuscular blocking agents on the cardiovascular system? |
|
Definition
| Fall in BP w/reflex tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| what causes the rapid fall in BP in neuromuscular blocking agents? |
|
Definition
| The fall in BP is due to sympathetic ganglionic blockade, histamine release and loss of muscle tone |
|
|
Term
| what are neuromuscular blockng agents used for? |
|
Definition
| relaxation of skeletal muscle during surgery |
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