Term
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Definition
| you better know that afferent = sensory and efferent= motor |
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Term
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Definition
| feed and breed/rest and digest |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how much a muscle is contracted |
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Definition
| what proprioceptors tell you |
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Term
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Definition
| what organ is used by proprioceptors |
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Term
| change in stretch (ex: lung inflation) |
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Definition
| what mechanoreceptors detect |
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Term
| mechanoreceptors are lightly myelinated, not sure about proprio, NOciceptors are NOT |
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Definition
| which afferent fibers are myelinated? |
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Term
pain (chemical signaling) -they are SLOW
also can be stimulated by stretch -there is some overlap with the receptors |
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Definition
| what do nociceptors detect |
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Term
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Definition
| where somatic afferent fibers travel |
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Term
| spinal cord & vagus nerve (CN X) to the medulla |
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Definition
| where visceral afferent fibers travel |
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Term
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Definition
| if the vagus nerve is cut, are afferent or efferent fibers lost? |
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Term
| dorsal root ganglia (and nodose ganglia for vagal afferent) |
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Definition
| where afferent cell bodies are located |
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Term
| vagal afferent nerve cell bodies, located right outside the brain |
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Definition
| what is in the nodose ganglia, where is it? |
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Term
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Definition
| vagus nerve does sympathetic or parasympathetic? |
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Term
| 1 neuron in the PNS, 2 in the ANS |
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Definition
| how many neurons are used in the PNS vs. the ANS? |
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Term
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Definition
| what neurotransmitter is release from the preganglionic sympathetic neuron? |
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Term
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Definition
| what neurotransmitter is released from the post-ganglionic sympathetic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| what neurotransmitter is released from the preganglionic parasympathetic neuron? |
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Term
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Definition
| what neurotransmitter is released from the post-ganglionic parasympathetic neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the ANS adrenergic receptors are found |
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Term
| parasympathetic & sympathetic sweat glands |
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Definition
| the part of the ANS where muscarinic receptors are found |
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Term
| sympathetic, acetylcholine, muscarinic receptor |
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Definition
| what branch of the ANS are sweat glands in, what neurotransmitter is release from the post-ganglionic neuron, and what receptor is present? |
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Term
sympathetic-short, long
adrenal sympathetic->adrenal medulla-> chromaffin cell -> blood
parasympathetic-long, short |
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Definition
| compare lengths of pre/post ganglionic neurons in the ANS |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic and parasympathetics are ______ in nature where the adrenal medulla is endocrine |
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Term
| Curare-this results in paralysis, as N1 receptors are found in skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| what drug blocks N1 receptors |
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Term
| hexomethonium (autonomic ganglia blocker) |
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Definition
| what drug/chemical blocks N2 receptors, but not N1? |
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Term
| somatic motor pathway (N1=nicotinic receptors) |
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Definition
| where are N1 receptors found |
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Term
| sympathetic (after the post-ganglionic neuron) |
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Definition
| where are alpha/beta adrenergic receptors found(general)? |
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Term
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Definition
| blocks postganglionic sympathetic neurons, but not pre-ganglionic |
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Term
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Definition
| what does the adrenal cortex secrete into the bloodstream |
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Term
smooth and cardiac muscle
some endocrine and exocrine glands
some adipose tissue |
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Definition
| what are the autonomic effector cells/organs/tissue |
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Term
| parasympathetic sacral nerves |
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Definition
| innervates the descending colon, anal sphincter, (bladder), detrusor, and trigone |
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Term
| parasympathetic-Vagus nerve (CN X) |
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Definition
| innervates heart, lungs, stomach, pylorus, ascending and transverse colon, small intestine, and illeocecal valve |
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Term
| head, eye (and everything below-heart, lungs, liver, GI, kidneys, pelvic organs) |
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Definition
| if the spinal cord was severed at T1 these organs would lose sympathetic innervation |
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Term
| heart, lungs (and everything below it!) GI, kidney, liver, pelvic organs |
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Definition
| if the spinal cord was severed at T1-T4, these organs would lose sympathetic innervation |
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Term
| liver, kidney, GI (and everything below-pelvic organs) |
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Definition
| if the spinal cord was severed at T5-T11, these organs would lose sympathetic innervation |
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Term
| pelvic organs (not fatal) |
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Definition
| if the spinal cord was severed at L1-L3 these organs would lose sympathetic innervation |
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Term
| the POST ganglionic neuron branches (in both cases the longer neuron does the branching) |
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Definition
| how do sympathetic neurons reach multiple places on an organ (like SA node and AV node) |
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Term
| the PRE ganglionic neuron branches-there are lots of short post ganglionic neurons |
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Definition
| how do parasympathetic neurons reach multiple parts of an organ (like SA node, AV node) |
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Term
when there is afferent stimulation, and efferent response without stimulation of higher brain centers
eX: visceral afferent-> spine -> preganglionic efferent -> (white rami) -> paravertebral ganglion -> postganglionic neuron -> target cell |
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Definition
| definition of a reflex arc |
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Term
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Definition
| modified postganglioic sympathetic neuron that releases epinephrine neurohormone |
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Term
| sympathetic pre-ganglionic |
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Definition
| _____ neurons stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete epinephrine into the blood stream |
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Term
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Definition
| what type of receptors the effector organs with parasympathetic innervation have |
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Term
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Definition
| type of adrenergic receptor found on the pupil of the eye, what happens when it is stimulated? |
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Term
| beta 1, increases rate and force of contraction |
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Definition
| type of adrenergic receptor found on the heart, what happens when it is stimulated? |
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Term
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Definition
| type of adrenergic receptor found on the lungs, what happens when it is stimulated? |
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Term
| alpha 1,2; beta 2, decreases motility and secretions |
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Definition
| type of adrenergic receptor found on the intestine, what happens when it is stimulated? |
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Term
| constrict limbs, dilate coronary (Shunt blood to survival organs) |
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Definition
| a sympathetic response would ______ limb blood vessels and _______ coronary blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| what type of receptors are muscarinic receptors on the cellular level? |
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Term
| subunits of the g protein alter ion permeability |
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Definition
| how do muscarinic receptors work on the cellular level in the heart |
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Term
| phospholipase C pathway is stimulated, causing bronchoconstriction |
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Definition
| how do muscarinic receptors work on the cellular level in the bronchioles |
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Term
| the adenylyl cyclase pathway is stimulated |
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Definition
| how do muscarinic receptors work on the cellular level in the GI tract |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of receptors are alpha/beta adrenergic receptors (cellular) |
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Term
stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase pathway
(in the heart this opens Ca channels to constrict, and in the lungs closes Ca channels to relax) |
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Definition
| how do beta adrenergic receptors work on the cellular level in the heart & bronchioles |
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Term
| inhibition of adenylyl cyclase pathway(closing sodium channels) |
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Definition
| how do alpha adrenergic receptors work on the cellular level in the GI tract |
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Term
| true, muscarinic receptors directly opposes this in the GI tract, but uses alternate pathways in the heart and lungs) |
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Definition
| true or false, sympathetic responses (in adrenergic receptors) involve stimulating and inhibiting the adenylyl cyclase path in different body parts |
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Term
| the muscarinic receptors are stimulated by the Ach to open potassium channels, which hyperpolarizes the membrane. this makes it take longer for pacemaker cells to depolarize and reach action potential, slowing the heart rate |
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Definition
| how does ACh release by parasympathetic system decrease HR? |
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Term
| seeing a pretty lady (like sympathetic response) also-atropine from deadly night shade plant causes pupil dilation |
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Definition
| what does the bella donna response refer to? |
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Term
| when it binds to the beta 1 (and beta 2) receptors it causes a cascade of phosphorylation starting with a G protein, which eventually opens calcium channels(Ca++ flows in). This makes it easier/faster for the SA node cells to depolarize |
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Definition
| how does norepi release by the sympathetic system change HR and contraction strength |
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Term
symp-metabotropic
parasymp-metabotropic |
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Definition
| the sympathetic response in the heart is ______ and the parasympathetic response in the heart is _______ (ionotropic, metabotropic) |
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Term
| Ach muscarinic receptors(as always) cause an increase in cytosolic calcium [binds to sarcoplasmic reticulum and causes Ca release] which increases smooth muscle contraction (bronchoconstriction) |
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Definition
| how does the parasympathetic change the diameter of bronchioles |
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Term
| epi/norepi binds to beta receptors causing pka phosphorylation thing CLOSING calcium channels, decreasing the actin/myosin interaction, decreasing smooth musc contraction -> bronchodilation |
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Definition
| how does the sympathetic system affect smooth muscle in the bronchioles? |
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Term
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Definition
| how do you relax smooth muscle? |
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Term
| open sodium channels with PKA thing, causing depolarization of muscle cells and increase contraction |
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Definition
| how do parasympathetic muscarinic receptors in the intestine work? |
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Term
| an inhibitor g protein stops pka thing and causes decreased polarization and contraction by CLOSING sodium channels (Exact opposite of parasympathetic) |
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Definition
| how do sympathetic alpha 2 receptors work in the intestine |
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Term
gut: symp-close Na+(decreased pka)
para-open Na+(with pka)
lung: symp-close Ca++(with pKA)
para-open Ca+(with IP3)
heart: symp-open Ca+(with pka)
para-open K+ |
|
Definition
match the channels with the location and system
channel: open K+, open Ca+(with pka), open Ca+(with IP3), close Ca++(with pKA), open Na+(with pka), close Na+(decreased pka)
locations: heart, lungs, gut
system: parasympathetic, sympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
| increased depolarization occurs when ___ channels are opened |
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Term
| K+ and/or Cl- (and sodium/Ca++ close) |
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Definition
| hyperpolarization occurs when ___ channels open |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that mimic the affect of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| substances that mimic the affect of the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| substance that inhibits the actions of the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| parasympatholytic(anticholergeinic) |
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Definition
| substance that inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| muscarine & ACh(parasymphathetomimetic) |
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Definition
| muscarinic(M1-M5) agonist |
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Term
| atropine (sympathomimetic) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| where did wacker say alpha 1 receptors are that phenylephrine/phentolamine work on? |
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Term
| pre-synaptic nerve terminal (and the gut) |
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Definition
| where are alpha 2 receptors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| dobutamine (sympathomimetic) |
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Definition
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Term
| metoprolol, atenolol (blocks increase in HR) kind of paraympathomimetic |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| albuterol (sympathomimetic) |
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Definition
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Term
| butoxamine: propranolol (parasympathomimetic) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what has variable affinity for the alpha/beta receptors? |
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Term
| reuptake, breakdown, release |
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Definition
| in addition to agonist/antagonists, substances can block neurotransmitter (3 ways) |
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Term
| block break down of norepinephrine |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| tricyclics are "old" antidepressants that block ___ and ___ reuptake |
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Term
| increase 1)norepi, 2)dopamine, and 3)seratonin release |
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Definition
| 3 actions we need to know about amphetamines |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the fact that most things have a small amount of neural stimulation by both sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels are primarily innervated by (sympathetic/parasympathetic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| the gut is primarily innervated by (sympathetic/parasympathetic) |
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Term
|
Definition
| sweat glands are primarily innervated by (sympathetic/parasympathetic) |
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Term
| increased heart rate (still some tonic vagal innervation) |
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Definition
| what happens to the heart if the vagus nerve is cut on one side? |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens to the heart if sympathetics are cut off on one side? |
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Term
| tone is lost, but no you are not screwed, the adrenal medulla can regulate things with endocrine mechanisms (like with heart transplants before the nerves grow back (if they do) |
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Definition
| if there is denervation of a tissue what happens, and are you totally screwed? |
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Term
| high BP lowers heart rate (due to mechanoreceptors detecting stretch in the aorta) |
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Definition
| what is the baroceptor reflex |
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Term
| smells trigger salivation |
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Definition
| what is an aexample of a GI reflex? |
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Term
| just to the medulla (apparently this doesn't count as a high brain center) -it slows heart rate |
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Definition
| where does the vagal reflex travel? |
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Term
| mechanoreceptors in the aorta and carotid sinus detect then BP is too high, then travel to the medula to stimulate vagal efferent fibers slowing cardiac output and thus BP |
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Definition
| how does the baroreceptor reflex work? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the relay center for the ans? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what part of the brain controls breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure |
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Term
| nucleus of the solitary tract (brainstem/medulla) |
|
Definition
| where do visceral afferents relay in the brain? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what can epileptics have implanted to calm them down |
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Term
| vagus nerve is bumped causing increase blood pressure, leading to baroceptor reflex leading to vagal efferent, leading to slowed heart rate ?check this? |
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Definition
| why pulse should not be taken on the carotid |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sympathetic/parasympathetic tone |
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Definition
| basal rate of activity in the ANS |
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Term
| BOTH!!! don't forget the muscarinic receptors on sweat glands, part of the sympathetics |
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Definition
| muscarine will activate ______ (sympathetic/parasympathetics)? |
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Term
| BOTH! the postganglionic neurons of both parasympathetic and sympathetic systems are Ach nicotinic receptors. (of the N2 type) what blocks this? --->hexomethonium |
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Definition
| nicotine will stimulate ______ (parasympathetic, sympathetic) |
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Term
| nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neurons |
|
Definition
| where are ionotropic receptors in the ANS? |
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