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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| Nuber of compressions per second (Hz) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How are amplitude and loudness related to each other? |
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Definition
| Have a positive correlation, but not 1:1 |
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Term
| How are frequency and pitch related? |
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Definition
| Hve positive correlation, but not 1:1 |
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Term
| What does the outter ear consist of? |
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Definition
| Pinna and external auditory canal |
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Term
| What does the middle ear consist of? |
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Definition
| Tympanic membrane (eardrum), ossicles (malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrup) |
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Term
| What does the inner ear consist of? |
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Definition
| Cochlea for audition and semicircular canals for vestibular sensations |
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Term
| What is the main function of the outer ear (pinna)? |
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Definition
| The pinna- sound localization and funneling sounds wave into canal. |
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Term
| What is the main function of the middle ear Tympanic membrane, ossicles)? |
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Definition
Tympanic membrane (eardrum)- vibrates same as sound frequency, connects to anvil, hammer, and stirrup.
Transports sound from the outer ear to the inner ear |
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Term
| What is the main function of the inner ear(cochlea)? |
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Definition
transduction
Cochlea- organ of hearing, vestibular apparatus- organ of balance
Main function----- enables ear to hear, and maintains balance of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| They excite cells of the auditory nerve |
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Term
| How are hair cells stimulated? |
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Definition
| The cilia of the hair cells make contact with another membrane, then are excited by the vibrations. |
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Term
| (hair cells) What ions are fluxed? |
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Definition
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Term
| (hair cells) Where is neurotransmitter released? |
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Definition
| Across narrow space between the hair cell and nerve terminal |
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Term
| What is the pathway that auditory information takes to the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What aspect of processing does each of those regions do? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is (tonotopic) relevant to the cochlea and the cortex? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are frequency and amplitude coded and perceived? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we localize sound? |
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Definition
Interaural tine difference
Interaural intensity difference
Comparison made in brainstem (pons) |
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Term
| What is the sequence of events from the sound wave entering the external auditory canal to the hair cell being stimulated? |
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Definition
- Oval window vibrates
- Vibration into fluid
- Vestibular membrane moves
- Organ of corti moves
- Hair cells are displaced
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Term
| What cranial nerve conveys auditory information? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pathway that auditory information takes in the brain? |
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Definition
- Auditory nerve
- Cochlear nucleus
- Pons(sound localization)
- Midbrain(inferior colliculus, orienting, integration w/ visual)
- Thalamus(sensory integration, filter)
- Auditory cortex in temporal lobe.
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Term
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Definition
| the spatial arrangement of where sound is perceived, transmitted, or received. There is tonotopy in the cochlea, the small snail-like structure in the inner ear that sends information about sound to the brain. There is also tonotopy in the human auditory cortex, that part of the brain that receives and interprets sound information |
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Term
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Definition
| Concept that pitch perception depends on which part of the inner ear has cells with the greatest activity level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Concept that pitch perception depends on differences in frequency of action potentials by auditory neurons. |
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Term
| What are two types of hearing loss? |
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Definition
- Conductive hearing loss: aka middle ear deafness, bones of middle ear don't transmit info to cochlea, caused by disease, infection, tumor; treatment is surgery or hearing aids.
- Sensorineural deafness: aka inner ear deafness; damage to cochlea, hair cells or auditory nerve; can be confined to certain part of cochlea; causes, inherited, prenatal problems, childhood disorders, presbycusis, noise induced; treatment hearing aids, cochlear implant.
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