Umbra- where the sunlight is completely blocked

Penumbra- where sunlight is partially blocked

Solar- Shadow of moon sweeps across Earth, sunlight blocked by moon

Total Solar Eclipse- Moon's umbra barely reaches Earth during a total solar eclipse

Lunar Eclipse-Moon sweeps through the shadow of Earth

Total Lunar eclipses- eclipsed moon is not completely dark, occurs 1/yr

Planets are much smaller (Jupiter's diameter is 10x smaller than the Sun's)

Planets are much less massive than the Sun (Sun is 1000x more massive than Jupiter)

Planets are mostly liquid and solid composition because they are much cooler

a measure of an amount of mass contained in a unit volume

if P=density, M=mass, V=volume then

P=M/V

What are the Inner (terrestrial) planets?

What is their defining characteristic?

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

they all have solid surfaces

They are mostly composed of Rock and Metals

What are the Outer (Jovian) planets?

What is their defining characteristic?

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

They are bigger and have a liquid form

They are composed of low-density elements such as Hydrogen/Helium

Impact cratering (bombardment by cosmic debris)

Volcanism

Tectonis

Erosions

Radioisotopic Dating of Rocks

Crater Counting on Surface

It requires a sample of surface material

Involves measurement of ratio of radioactive 'parent' to 'daughter' nuclei

Measures time since rock solidified from molten state

Provides an absolute age in years

Assumes impacts have occurred throughout history

Approximates geological age of a surface by the number of craters on it

Gives a relative age only

1. Accretion-planets and satellites formed by the falling together of smaller objects, which generates heat

2. Differentiation- Layers

shortly after formation, denser materials settled towards center (like oil and water), which generates heat

3. Radioactive decay generates heat

Which of the following is not a reliable source of knowing about the Earth's interior?

A. Drilling into it

B. Measure Earth's average density

C. By studying earthquake results

D. By studying seismic waves

A. Drilling into it

So far, the deepest we've managed to drill is 8 miles=not much!

Tectonic activity (like earthquakes)

or by impacts on surface

Core-highest density (metals, mostly iron)

Mantle-lower density (dense rocks)

Crust-lowest density (low density rocks; chemically different from the mantle)

the outermost layer

-may include part or even all of the mantle

Continents (highlands) ~ 45%

Ocean Floors (low lands) ~ 55%

They're the sites of earthquakes

They are the boundaries of plates of the lithosphere

About how quickly do plates move?

A. about 1m/yr

B. a few cm/yr

C. about 3 km/yr

D. not at all

What kind of land forms result from plate tectonics?

Volcanic mountains (like the Andes, Hawaii)

Volcanic planes (like the ocean floors)

Earth's surface is...

A. Geologically Old

B. Dirt

C. Geologically Young

D. Geologically Middle-Aged

E. Rock

highlands (lighter in color, heavily cratered)

lowlands (deas, darker, lightly cratered)

Which is geologically younger...

The moon's highlands -or- the moon's lowlands?

The moon's surface ____ been affected by plate tectonics

Has

Has not

The moon's lithosphere is ____

A. Thick

B. Thin

C. Average

D. full of aliens

Lunar rocks contain ____ H2O

A lot of

A little

No

H20 ICE possible in the ground

H20 VAPOR in the atmosphere

mountain chains

continents

plate tectonics

mountain chains

plate tectonics 

Southern

Geological process on Mars- Impact Catering

Craters in Southern hemisphere nearly as plentiful as in _________

Largest Mountain in Solar System (same size as Hawaii)

400 miles across

80,000 feet high

Mariner Valley

An ANCIENT fault associated with the formation of Tharsis Bulge

Involve Vertical motion

Erosion on Mars

Wind erosion is ______?

Light;

litter the Southern Hemisphere

Channels

Catastrophic flooding