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| eruptions on the solar surface in the chromosphere |
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| light on the sun originates here |
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| outer atmosphere of the sun. made of hot low-density gas |
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| thin layer of bright gas. middle layer of sun's atmosphere |
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| part of the photosphere; dark edged regions that last 10-20 minutes; pebble shaped |
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| when hot fluid rises and cool fluid sinks |
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| gas flows away from the sun in a breeze from the corona |
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| generate energy by splitting nuclei of uranium |
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| generate energy by combining light nuclei into heavier nuclei |
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| cool spots on the sun's surface caused by strong magnetic field |
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| how astronomers study strength of magnetic field on the sun and provide evidence that sunspots have strong magnetic fields |
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| regions of very slowly rising currents that last a day or two; two times Earth's diameter |
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| flamelike jets of gas extending up into the chromosphere; last 5-15 minutes |
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| violent eruption on sun's surface in a loop shape (comes back to the sun) |
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| the decrease in brightness of the sun from its center to its limb |
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| the edge of the apparent disk of the sun |
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| where most of the energy emitted by the sun is generated |
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| a neutral, massless particle that travels at the speed of light; created in the core of the sun |
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| solar cycle of sunspot maximum |
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Definition
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| The granules are the tops of hot gas that have risen from the Sun's convective zone |
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Definition
| photosphere, chromosphere, corona |
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| bottom right. H-R diagram |
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| lower main sequence stars |
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| limit at lower end of the main sequence |
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Definition
| there is a minimum temperature for hydrogen fusion |
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Term
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Definition
| nuclear fuels that one solar mass star uses over the course of its entire evolution |
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| the sun departs from the main sequence and becomes: |
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| the result of carbon detonation in a 1 solar mass star |
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Definition
| occurs when the core of a massive star collapses; elements heavier than iron are produced |
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| big stars can not get hot enough to generate energy this way |
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| few satellites, craters, small diameter, orbits inside asteroids, solid surface, and has high average density. Mercury, Venus, Earth/moon, Mars. |
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| condensation in solar nebula |
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Definition
atoms and molecules make droplets
earth= silicate grains Jupiter= icy grains Mercury= metallic grains |
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| have hot disks that surround them |
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| created the present motions of the planets |
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| carbon dioxide traps infrared radiation |
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| generates Earth's magnetic field in the molten metallic core |
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| lava plains of the lunar lowlands; younger than highlands |
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| evidence that the lunar surface was fragmented by meteorite impacts |
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| an impact basin filled with lava flows on Mercury |
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| evidence that Mercury shrank slightly when it was young |
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| the Moon is poor in heavy elements like iron from the impact that occurred after Earth had differentiated heavy elements to its center |
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| how planetary systems start: takes 100 million years, starts with a rotating cloud, all planets orbit sun in same direction, sun is rotating on axis in same direction, and most planets are spinning on their axis in same direction |
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| jupiter, saturn, uranus, neptune. large, low density, thick atmosphere, liquid matter, small solid pores, and have satellites/rings |
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| circular asteroids about the size of Mercury |
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| ice comets beyond Neptune |
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| glowing light display from the particles of solar wind smash on Earth at N and S hemispheres |
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| sunspots disappear at the equator every 11 years |
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1 helium + energy.
burning hydrogen is how sun works |
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