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Definition
| has the most extreme contrast between layers, whites, and orange etc |
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Definition
| high altitude, light in color - white |
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Definition
| low altitude, dark in color- orange- brown |
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Definition
north polar map- brown
south polar map- white |
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Term
| cassini provides a jupiter movie |
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Definition
| been around saturn for a while but did a fly by of jupiter |
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Definition
| upper atmospheric storm, been around since we have been observing at least 400 years almost left in the 90s but came back stronger, moves counterclockwise. moves east to west, about the size of 2 earths, no jet stream. anti hurricane- high pressure storm, highest thing in local atmosphere |
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Definition
| started out as white oval, it merged with another white oval then got bigger and red, has been around for a couple of years and looks stable, brown and white ovals last decades- they are stable-takes a long time for anything to change on jupiter, it is going to stay around for a while bc it went by the great red spot and survived |
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Term
| does the great red spot always exist in a zone or belt |
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Definition
| no, it doesnt go up or down |
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Definition
| white ovals are not hot, brown stuff tends to be hotter, belts are hotter, the lower the elevation the closer to the core the hotter it gets, jupiter has internal heat |
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Term
| IR image of great red spot |
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Definition
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Term
| considering ir images you have seen which layer of jupiter is warmer |
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Definition
| heat from formation bc its huge |
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Definition
| hole in upper atmosphere, storms |
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Definition
| weather, large cloud cover over an area, result of water ice and ammonia in the clouds |
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Definition
| Helium and liquid metallic hydrogen is the cause of the magnetic field, large amt of agitation which makes up a huge magnetic field. we can see it from here, saturn flys through Jupiter's magneto pause- its magnetic field is huge |
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Term
| van allen belts of jupiter |
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Definition
| capture zones of particles that get through the magneto pause |
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Term
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Definition
| from space they are circular, aurura- look up |
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Definition
| only see with radio image, tells s the current sheet is in line with the equator of the magnetic axis, tells us it has something to do with the magnetic field, magnetic field rotates same time as the planet- rotating very fast holding particles in pockets which makes things fly off, they are being accelerated throgh magnetic field they are called synchrotron radiation, the particles producing this have low density, charged particles being accelerated throuhg magnetic field - synch- |
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Definition
| next to saturns rings are very small |
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Definition
| there are gaps in the rings- which is referred to as the structure |
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Definition
| everywhere there is a gape we tend to find a larger object of satellite called a lesser satellite, large chunk of rock called shepared moon- it tends to be the same size as the map, anything that gets in its way is pushed to one of the sides. not everywhere there is a gap we see a shepard moon |
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Term
| Considering that the rings of jupiter are rocky, form where will jupiter bring in objects to replenish the rings |
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Definition
| the rate of dissipation happens very fast they must be replished, takes them from the asteroid belt |
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Term
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Definition
| where the rings are located- area that rips things bound by gravity |
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Definition
| 1994 got hit, blemish from the hit was about the size of 2 earths |
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Term
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Definition
| levy 9 before impact, 1993 it sped up because of sun then hit jupiter in 1994 the blemish lasted for about a year. was huge, big enough to kill us and hit something very close to us, reminded us that there are big things out there and they can hit us |
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Term
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Definition
| Galilao was the first to observe a protrusion on saturn that would grow and recede- later we realized they were ring structures |
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Term
| size of average particle in rings |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| rings and belts, 3% helium in upper atmosphere and the rest hydrogen. pumps out more energy than jupiter,speeds are different for spots and rings, surface temp cold enough to allow helium to precipitate, helium precipitation is creating a friction which creates the hot core of saturn. |
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Definition
| has internal heat, closer to the core the hotter |
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Definition
| hexagon rotating stable shape, venus has it too |
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Definition
| long lasting compared to earth but not jupiter, tend to last at the max one year, always has a storm |
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Definition
| icy with some dirt, the more dirt on the rings the older they are, the closer the rings are to saturn the older they are they will eventually fall into saturn, they are less reflective |
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Definition
| the order in which they were discoverd, a - ther is division and when you look at it from the other side you expect not to see anything but the opposite happens, the gaps are not total voids, it is a low density area compared to whats on the sides of it, |
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Term
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Definition
| some of the particles were ripped off , this is evidence of a shepherd moon it pulled it over |
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Term
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Definition
| there is a wave in the gap, called pan- he was hard to find. |
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Term
| where does saturn collect objects for its rings (ICY) |
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Definition
| Kuiper belt (closest set of icy things |
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Term
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Definition
| the roche does not apply, doesnt sit int he limit |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy that surrounds saturn |
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Definition
| metalic hydrogen creates strong magnetic field, very dangerous |
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Definition
| is always rings, light coming from electrons that have fallen down electron shells |
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Definition
| found by accident,very plain, found 1000 years later bc can only be seen by telescope 1800s,moves slow made of gas, has a blue hue, made of hydrogen and helium, the upper atmosphere has a lot of water, which absorbs red and reflects blue,it is lacking ammonia and water because it is too cold |
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Term
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Definition
| odd bc it has no zones and belts, almost rotates in the same plane that it orbits this is probably bc it got hit, orbit is 80 years, a season on uranus is 20 years, a day on uranus is very hard to determine because it depends where in orbit it is, and what latitude on the the planet is, the only way to get a low level of activity is when a side doesnt see sun for 40 years |
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Term
| why does uranus not have any zones of belts? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| its entire system is knocked on its side, satellites named after shakespeare names |
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Term
| discovery of shepherd moons |
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Definition
| a star was going behind uranus nocaltatoin, if there is any upper atmosphere some of the star light should go through it, they saw it wink out three times, this means Uranus has a thin set of rings, the rings are replenished from the kuiper belt, which means the rings are icy, but not reflective, methane is frozen, it breaks down and forms other compounds it is called radiation darkening (methane undergoing electron bombardment and becoming a compound that is not reflective) the compounds it forms are not reflective |
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Term
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Definition
zones, belts, ovals and storms,
perdivation (?) was found by mathematics and physics, after they got the orbit of uranus and neptune, has zones and belts and storms which means it has internal heat, its blue because of methane, no ammonia water |
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Term
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Definition
| behaves similar to saturn, one goes down another shows up, but never the same one, upper atmospheric anti hurricane |
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Definition
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Definition
| highest altitude, migrates east west, only last a few months |
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Definition
| same as saturn with zones and belts |
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Term
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Definition
| found it by photography over exposure, icy- steal form kuiper belt, are not reflective bc of darkening of methane, they have not been replenished in a while and there has been a great drop in density in a while |
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Definition
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Definition
| IO, Europa,ganymede, callisto |
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Term
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Definition
| lots of craters, a lot of discoloration, has volcanic activity, has resurfaced itself 4times, lots of volcanic activity, always doing something, discoloration due to sulfer compounds,lava different than earth, hotter than earth, heat source is tidal forces caused by jupiter |
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Definition
| nickel,iron, mantle, crust |
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Definition
| any charged particles moving around are essentially a closed circuit because of jupiter |
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| Analysis of Jupiter- IO system |
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Definition
| result of volcanic pumps, things don't fall fast, they hang around, it is falling down but it is slow, they temporarily cause an atmosphere but some of it goes out of the atmosphere in IO's orbit and around Jupiter that is the same as Io's atmosphere |
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Definition
| Has water ice on the surfae because of reflection curves, reflection cure was identical with a little different caused by dirt, not heavily cratered, it does resurface itself |
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Definition
| density on the average of 3000 all the water that it has sits on top, its just all frozen, fissures when water seeps through the cracks and brings minerals with it- the lines and cracks |
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Term
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Definition
| something occur to disrupt the fissures and cracks, due to similar to earth ice rafts its concluded that europa has a liquid water ocean under the crust |
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Term
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Definition
| rocky core and mantel, liquid ocean, water ice layer |
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Term
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Definition
| impact craters, light and dark areas, older terrain is darker, younger terrain is lighter, density is 2000, water ice and metals, young terrain has more water on it |
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Term
| Ganymede IR- Visible combo |
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Definition
| blue means water, impact craters are very bright snow is more reflective than water, surface is dirty when it is hit the ice is shattered which makes it more reflective bc it has more edges |
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Term
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Definition
| metal core, rocky mantel, icy mantel, thin crust, no longer geologically active, it was in the past, not clear why it shut off, because not enough radioactivity, the key comes from Io and Europa, there is a 4:2:1 in the period relationship orbital residence, this means that between the three they see each other on regular intervals, they cause tidal forces among each other this is enough to slightly heat the water |
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Definition
| not geologically active, lots of craters, not chemically differentiated, icy surface |
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Definition
| lots of craters not a lot of small geological process that gets fid of small craters not big ones, Its surface is a lot darker than the others, dont know what the surface is, the dark debris could have covered the small craters |
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Definition
| crater chain - result of a comet |
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Definition
| Homogeneous, rock and water, rock and dust |
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Definition
| magnetic field (eighter induced or have there own) can conduct electricity in the liquid state |
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Term
| Compare internal structures |
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Definition
| all are similar besides callisto who is different from all the rest, Io and ganymede produce own mag field but all have induced |
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Term
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Definition
| 2/3 are in retrograde orbit, orbit backwards, you cant get them to form this way which means they were captured 2/3 is not random, it is physically easier to capture something in retrograde, jupiter got them from the asteoid belt, when a new object comes flying in there is nothing to keep it from hitting each other explode and you get little pieces that are orbiting jupiter which are rings |
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Term
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Definition
| well outside the ring system, has blue hue bc of methane, substantial atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| at the pole, hot spot, the lava is water ammonia mix, water is a solid on titan, the lava is more like a gew |
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Term
| lakes on titan northern hemisphere |
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Definition
| radio waves let you see the surface, methane lakes all over titan that are not frozen |
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Term
| lakes on titans southern hemisphere |
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Definition
| methane is the special molecule that can exist in all three states on titan, how does organic chemistry work here? unknown, dont know if there is life on tital |
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Definition
| dropped on titan, there are lots of clouds |
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Term
| detaled image of titans surface |
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Definition
| surface was the consistence of wet sand, it took a long time to take the picture bc there is not a lot of light, the brightest it gets is like our night with a full moon |
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Term
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Definition
| titan has a jerk in rotation every now and then,density is 2000 is geoogically active, no mag field, liquid water layer tends to slip around the core, nitrogen is the primary componet of its atmosphere |
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Term
| saturns lesser satellites |
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Definition
| smaller than titan, 2/3 retrograde, average density 2000- 1000 which means its stealing from kupler belt |
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Definition
| most reflective body in the solar system, albeo is 1, it is probably made of water ice, not dirt, which means its geologically active, there isnt mch there, has a lot of little caldera on it, enceladus is probably giving off material form a ploom and it is contributing to saturns E ring |
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Term
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Definition
| less than 2000 average density, has places that are most deff old crators, they are markins that are, surface of ice, if it cracks then clean ice will be exposed and it is more shiny- newly exposed ice isnt dirty |
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Term
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Definition
| has huge impact crater with a central peak, heavily cratered, no evidence of geological activity, when it got hit by a crater it cracked mimas, it was almost shattered, crack on the other side |
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Term
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Definition
| no large satellites, some are highly reflective |
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Definition
| surface looks very old, a lot of water, unusual surface, it started to become chemically differentated but it came to an abrupt stop, it is the smallest t of Uranus's the heat source was probobly lost because it had a neighbor at one point but it got destroyed so it no longer has a heat source |
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Term
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Definition
| at night the nitrogen eigther precipitates down like a snow, nitrogen ice gets on the surface, the nitrogen goes straight from a solid to a gas, very thin nitrogen atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| not a lot of craters, cantaloupe sourface, geologically active, chemically differentiated, volcanos like guessers, water ice that flows and our gassing of nitogen |
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Definition
| stress from being captured by neptune |
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Definition
| between jupiter and mars, most of asteroids are here, 100,000 only a couple percent are out liers |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| jupiters effect on asteroid belt |
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Definition
| if Jupiter didnt exist then there would be a fifth terrestrial |
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Term
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Definition
| take snap shots over an area for a few monthes generate a movie with the images and look for something that moves faster than everything else, over expose to get stars on image then track star |
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Term
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Definition
| 975 km across spherical in shape, first asteroid discovered, largest dwarf, never cleared its orbit |
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Term
| Gravitationsl influence of jupiter |
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Definition
| Asteroids with an orbital resonance with jupiter cannot stay in that orbit, they must be shifted into another orbit |
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Term
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Definition
| it was hypothesized that asteroids would not have large impact craters, new observations have proved this wrong. resolution is that some asteroids are not solid, but a collection of rubble |
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Term
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Definition
| japanese astronomer, Hirayama, in 1918 discovered groups of asteroids that had very similar orbits, these are called families or clans, familys of asteroids are created by high speed collisions, if they hit each other and shatter their orbit still stays the same |
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Term
| considering how asteroids interact, how do you explain asteroids that are collections of rubble |
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Definition
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Term
| some asteroids exist outside of the asteroid belt |
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Definition
| trojan asteroids arnt going anywhere |
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Definition
| the position where the sun and jupiter cancel out each others gravitational force and this is why the trojans wont move- no net gravity |
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Definition
| object whose orbit that come closer to earth than mars, there are a lot of them,many asteroids have struck earth |
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Definition
| a big block of iron that can move, but it right next to something and you tug it over, high density it moves it but have to know about for a few years in advance |
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Definition
| lander is still on eros and still functional |
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Definition
| it has exactly what we expected, theory in agreement, in asteroid belt |
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