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| “The branch of science dealing with objects and phenomena that lie beyond the Earth’s atmosphere” |
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| A large, glowing ball of gas that generates heat and light through nuclear fusion |
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| A moderately large object that orbits a star; it shines by reflected light. Planets may be rocky, icy, or gaseous in composition. |
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| An object that orbits a planet |
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| A relatively small and rocky object that orbits a star |
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| A relatively small and icy object that orbits a star |
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A star and all the material that orbits
it, including its planets and moons |
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| An interstellar cloud of gas and/or dust |
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A great island of stars in space, all held
together by gravity and orbiting a
common center |
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A great island of stars in space, all held
together by gravity and orbiting a
common center |
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| The sum total of all matter and energy; that is, everything within and between all galaxies |
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The distance light can travel in 1 year
1 ly = ~ 10 trillion kilometers
10,000,000,000,000 km
1*1013 km
1*1016 m
1*1018 cm
>1 ly = ~ 6 trillion miles (6,000,000,000,000 mi, 6*1012 mi) |
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| Velocity = distance / time |
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| Time = distance / velocity |
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| Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars |
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| Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus |
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| Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, Uranus, Pluto |
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| Formula: Inverse Square Law of Brightness |
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| Luminosity/(4πDistance^2) |
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| Formula: Thermal Radiation |
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Definition
| Luminosity = Area * (6x10-8)T^4 |
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| Formula: Temperature of a planet |
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| 260degreesKelvin / sqrt(Distance in AU) |
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| Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Moon, Mars Moons, Mimas, Asteroid Ida, Asteroid Mathilde, Comet Temple 1 |
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| Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune |
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Venus, Earth, Mars, Titan, Triton.
All Gas Giant planets ARE atmospheres. |
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| Venus, Earth, Mars, Io, Enceladus, Triton |
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analogous to longitude; mark East-West
direction; measured in hours |
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analogous to latitude; mark North-South
direction; measured in degrees |
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| Diameter = (angle * distance) / 206265 |
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| Origins of the Constellations |
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Definition
likely started ~2000 BC (Babylon,
Assyria); some adopted and adapted by
Greeks; 48 Constellations; 40 others from “modern” navigators (16th – 18th Century) |
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| Force of Gravity = [(6.7x10^-11)(mass1)(mass2)] / distance^2 |
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| Lunar and solar tides add together to make big amplitude |
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| Lunar and solar tides partly cancel to make low amplitude |
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| an earth-centered theory of the universe |
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| a sun-centered theory of the universe |
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| study of spectra and spectral lines |
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| force with which all matter attracts all other matter |
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| apparent displacement of an object due to motion of observer |
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| apparent westward motion of a planet with respect to background stars |
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| coordinate for measuring east-west positions of objects on celestial sphere |
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| Angular distance of celestial object north or south of celestial equator |
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| great circle on celestial sphere 90 degrees from celestial poles |
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| point directly above Earth’s North Pole where Earth’s axis of rotation, if extended, would intersect celestial sphere |
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| Point directly above Earth`s South Pole where Earth`s axis of rotation, if extended, would intersect celestial sphere |
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| apparent annual path of sun on celestial sphere |
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| star that neither rises nor sets but appears to rotate around one of celestial poles |
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| point in orbit where satellite or moon is farthest from Earth |
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| Point in orbit where satellite is nearest to Earth |
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| geometric arrangement of planet in same part of sky as the sun, so that the planet is at elongation of 0 degrees |
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| configuration of planet when it is at an elongation of 180 degrees and thus appears opposite the sun in the sky |
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| planet that is closer to the sun than Earth is |
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| planet more distant from the sun than Earth is |
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-Wrote “Almagest”, a book that explains motions of stars and planets
-Created Geocentric model with Earth at center of universe in which the Earth didn`t move
-Planets and stars moved in perfect circular orbits
-Planets followed small circles or epicycles around Earth
-Departed from traditional mathematics and explained that these bodies had varied speed and epicycles had different diameters
-Catalogued 1,028 stars and described all known variations of constellations and legends that went with them. Gave these formations Greek and Roman names which are still used today.
-Renowned cartographer, wrote the book titled “Geographia”. This book contained detailed maps of the world and served travelers for hundreds of years |
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-Observed and measured the (rough) distance to a supernova, proving that firmament was not a god-given stable sphere but a dynamic system
-Made most accurate measurements of planetary positions at the time and for long thereafter. Brahe`s data was used by Kepler to develop Kepler`s laws |
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-True Renaissance man
-Was a lawyer, tax collector, doctor, military governor, judge, vicar-general of canon law and Polish astronomer.
-Said Earth was not stationary
-Said Earth turns on its axis once a day and doubted that Earth was in the middle of the universe.
-Said sun was at center of universe and all planets revolved around the sun. Published book on revolution of heavenly bodies.
-Most famous work is the book “De Revolutions” |
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| -Created three laws to explain planetary motion |
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| -Created the three laws of motion |
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| Formula: Period of a planet |
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| Period^2 (planet) / Axis^3 (planet) = Period^2 (earth) / Axis^3 (earth) |
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Definition
Moonrise: Sunrise
Moonset: Sunset |
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| Moonrise/set of 1st Quarter |
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Definition
Moonrise: Local noon
Moonset: Local midnight |
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| Moonrise/set of Full Moon |
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Definition
Moonrise: Sunset
Moonset: Sunrise |
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| Moonrise/set of 3rd Quarter |
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Definition
Moonrise: Local midnight
Moonset: Local noon |
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Definition
occurs at Full Moon but only when the Sun, Earth and Moon are in perfect alignment.
occurs at night and as the Moon orbits the Earth it enters Earth's shadow, firstly into the penumbra shadow (Earth's outer shadow) where only some of the light is blocked, and then into the umbra shadow (the inner deeper and complete shadow) where all of the light is blocked. |
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Definition
can only occur when there is a New Moon and only when the Earth, Moon and Sun are in perfect alignment or near perfect alignment.
The Moon passes between the Earth and the Sun and the Moon fully covers the Sun, blocking sunlight reaching Earth's surface and turns daytime into darkness, while still allowing observers to view the beautiful corona atmosphere of the Sun.
occur during daytime when the New Moon is in the daytime sky and moves across the sky but is invisible due to the glare of the Sun and only becomes visible when the eclipse begins. |
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Definition
| phase of moon that occurs when the moon is positioned between the earth and sun |
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Definition
| Phase of moon in which the earth, moon, and sun are in approximate alignment, just as the new moon, but the moon is on the opposite side of the earth, so the entire sunlit part of the moon is facing us. |
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| First & Third Quarter Moons |
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Definition
both often called a "half moon"
happen when the moon is at a 90 degree angle with respect to the earth and sun. |
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Definition
| After the new moon, the sunlit portion is increasing, but less than half |
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| After the first quarter, the sunlit portion is still increasing, but now it is more than half |
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| After the full moon (maximum illumination), the light continually decreases |
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Following the third quarter
Wanes until the light is completely gone -- a new moon. |
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| Formula: Angular Size/Linear size |
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Definition
| Linear Size = (Angular size * distance)/ 206265 |
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Definition
a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines.
The shift in position of an object caused by your own motion. |
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| Electromagnetic Radiation |
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Definition
| a form of energy emitted and absorbed by charged particles, which exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels through space. |
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| Light is connected to energy because...? |
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Definition
| the more energy an object has, the higher along the light spectrum an object gets. |
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| Light is connected to wavelength because...? |
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Definition
| an object that has more energy has a shorter wavelength than an object with less energy. |
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Definition
| red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet |
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| Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, Ultraviolet, X-Ray, Gamma Ray |
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| Light observable on Earth |
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Definition
| Visible spectrum along with Radio waves |
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| Light observable from space |
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Definition
| Gamma Rays, X Rays, Ultraviolet Rays, Infrared, and long-wavelength radio waves |
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| an emission spectrum that exhibits all the wavelengths or frequencies of visible light. (e.g. white light) (source: blackbody) |
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| spectrum that contains bright emission lines (source: hot, tenuous cloud) |
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| dark lines superimposed on continuous spectrum (source: blackbody + cool, tenuous cloud) |
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| telescope designed for use with visible light |
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| a type of optical telescope that uses a lens as its objective to form an image (also referred to a dioptric telescope). |
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| (also called a reflector) is an optical telescope which uses a single or combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image. |
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| optical telescopes that combine specifically shaped mirrors and lenses to form an image. |
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| How many moons does Mercury have? |
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Definition
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| How many moons does Venus have? |
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Definition
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| How many moons does Earth have? |
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Definition
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| How many moons does Mars have? |
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Definition
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| How many moons does Jupiter have? |
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Definition
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| How many moons does Saturn have? |
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Definition
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| How many moons does Uranus have? |
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Definition
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| How many moons does Neptune have? |
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Definition
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| How many moons does Pluto have? |
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| Kepler's Three Laws of Planetary Motion |
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Definition
1.)Planets travel in elliptical orbits around an off-center sun
2.)The speed of a planet`s orbit depends on its distance from the sun. A planet orbits faster when it is closer to the sun. When a planet is further away, it travels slower.
3.) The farther a planet or dwarf planet is from the sun, the longer its orbit. |
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| Newton's Three Laws of Motion |
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Definition
1.)Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state of motion unless an external force is applied to it.
2.) Relationship between objects mass m, its acceleration a, and applied force f is F=MA. Acceleration and force are vectors (as indicated by their symbols being displayed in slant bold font); in this law the direction of the force vector is the same as the direction of the acceleration vector.
3.) For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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