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| ability of tel to make imgs look bigger. M=Fo/Fe. Fo=focal length of primary mirror. Fe= focal length of eyepiece |
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| better lt-gathering pwr and res |
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1. main, primary mirror (big, sturdy)
2. secondary mirror (smaller)
curved mirrors used to focus lt |
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1. lter mirrors, so tel can be lger
2. dynamic control by comp
3. simpler, stronger structure so mirror wont distort |
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| refraction of lt f Es atm t limits res. weather conds and turbulence t limit qual of astroic imgs |
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| alpha is proportional to w/D. res in arcsec |
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| .3-.4" is best res you can get due to Es atm |
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| twinkling stars due to... |
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| full spectrum of sources, g-rays to radio waves |
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| to gather more lt f astroic objs. makes them look nearer, bigger, brighter |
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| lt bending as it enters a medium. i= angle of incidence, r= angle of refraction |
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| curved lens focuses lt into focal pt, on focal plane behind tel |
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| at very short and very long w's |
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| Es surface hted by suns radn. Re-radiates ht e as IR radn, wh is absorbed by co2 and other atmic gases. This traps ht in Es atm |
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| nat and necessary to keep E at comf temp. wo it, E would be -20C |
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| increased exponentially for last 300 yrs |
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| mass, d f sun, atmic comp |
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| n2 (75%), o2 (23%), others. co2 (.05%). also He, Ar, h2o, Ne |
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| photosynthesis. converts sunlt and co2 into chem e, producing o2 as biproduct. o2 has been increasing as fraction of Es atm since phtsths rose 3bil yrs ago |
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| (3)space tels are good bc |
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| above atm, can see at all w's, stars dont twinkle (gases) |
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| can only be obsed f hi mt tops or airplanes, bc most IR radn is absorbed in lower atm |
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| must be done f sats bc UV radn is completely absorbed in ozone layer |
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| traces most vio process in U, g-rays have most em radn |
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| can be obsed f ground bc they penetrate Es atm |
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| 300m in Arecibo, Puerto Rico |
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| tell us ab chem comp and other props of obsed obj |
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| is used to obtain spectrum of obj |
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| is bad bc theyre at the lower end of em spectrum. need lg lens to get resolving pwr. hay radio wave pollution f cell phones, sats. some ppl want to build radio tels on far sd of moon |
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| combining signals f several smaller tesl to sim one big mirror. Ex: Very Lg Array (VLA) 27 dishes arranged to sim 36-km dish |
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| reveals several features not vis on other w's, bc they penetrate gas and dust clouds. can obs radio waves where vis lt is conpletely absorbed (ex: neutral H clouds, wh contain 90% all mols in U) |
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| (6)CCDs are better th photos bc |
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| they are quantitiative, more sensitive, can be easily maniped on comps and read into comp mems, never fade, show contrast/brightness |
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| plate full of very narrow slits t causes waves to interfere, splitting up into colors |
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| we study spectrum of star to |
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| see the gases present and learn ab its chem comp |
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| the lvl of detail a tel is capable of revealing. is fundly ltd by wave nature of lt |
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| random redirn of lt wave or photon as it interacts w atoms or dust particles in its path. deps on w and sx of scattered partle L |
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| dimming of starlt due to absorption and scattering by interstellar dust parts |
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| d bw lens and focal plane |
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| A=(pi)(D/2)^2. Lt-gathering pwr is proportional to D^2 |
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| smallest angular d bw 2 objs t can be sep.ed by a tel of diameter D. a(min)=1.22(w/D) |
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| resolving pwr for optical w's= |
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| does NOT mean better resolving pwr |
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| 4.6bil byrs ago. Gases and dusts coalesced ihop, shockwave shot thru, huge spheroid formed. Diff.n produced dense core, thick mantle, low-density crust. Heavily bombarded in debris-filled early solar sys. Flooded by molten rock and later water-filled lowlands. |
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| 2 sources of ht in Es interior |
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| potential e of infalling material, decay of radioactive material |
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| Es orig atm consisted mostly of |
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| outgassing thru volcanism (eruption) created heavy elements like co2 in atm |
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| mols can esc atm if they achieve esc v. deps on mass, atmic comp (mol masses), temp, type of rot pd |
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| temp of gas and mass of indiv mols |
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| plt's G (therefore its r and mass) |
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| forced bal. upwards pressure = dnwards G.al force |
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| (3)comp of Es atm infled by |
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| chem reactions, energetic radn f spc (UV in particular) |
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| scattered out of sunlt more th red lt. (ex: blue sky, red sunset) |
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| reflectivity= ability of surface to reflect lt |
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| more ice= more reflective E. so2 emissions t produce sulfate parts in Es atm (reflect some lt back into spc, wh lds to cooling) |
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| damage of ozone layer due to increase of CFCs. UV radn has damaging effects on human and animal tissue |
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| carries mag forces. causes compass needle to pt towards it. dipole. inclined at 12deg to rot axis. many astroic objs have mag fields. |
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| (5)causes of Es mag field |
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| mag dynamo (electric currents flowing thru Es molten iron core). metallic lqd is hted internally->convection, metallic->conduction, Es rotn->lqd rotn, dynamo) |
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| (2)cause of magnetosphere |
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| mag field strength decreases 1/r^3 (exponentially). mag fields infl extends into spc beyond atm. hence, magnetosphere |
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| dipole. is carried away f sun by solar winds. mag field lines are roughly parallel. interacts w Es mag field |
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| high-e partles f sun enter Es atm thru polar cusps or esc f Van Allen belts and gap. they collisionally excite atoms and mols, wh emit vis lt to get back to ground state. Charged partles f sun move thru Es mag field and strike upper atm |
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| troposphere (dense lower layer), stratosphere (more stable), ionosphere (most mols and atoms have broken apart), exosphere |
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