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| a non-luminous star Just missing some mass |
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| first extra solar planet was detected |
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| in 1995 by Michael Mayor discovered a planet orbiting 51 Pegasi |
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| Jupiter's significant mass causes our sun |
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| to orbit the Sun Jupiter center of mass point |
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| take a telescope and fix it on a star and observe the motion of that star |
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| THIS IS VELOCITY DATA Here the spectral emission lines from the star are analyzed for Doppler blue shifting and Doppler red shifting |
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| the planet is between the star and our telescopes During a transit some of the light from a star is blocked by a planet This gives is the size of the planet |
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| gravitational contraction Hypothesis postulated that gravitational contraction was the mechanism for the sun's enormous energy |
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| Unfortunately the gravitational contraction Hypothesis |
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| could on ly power the sun for 25 million years |
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| Einstein and his Theory of |
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| Special Relativity in 1905 Demonstrated that energy and matter are interchangeable this was a big deal Small amount of matter produces tremendous amount of energy |
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| Why is the sun stable. Not blowing itself apart. |
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| The sun is pulling everything in except the photons so we can saw the sun is Hydrostatic Equilibrium |
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| In the sun we are slowly converting |
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| Hydrogen to Helium via Nuclear Fusion |
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| Generally Speaking the Sun is |
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| a giant ball of Hydrogen and Helium in the plasma state |
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| super heated gas where the electrons have disassociated from the atoms |
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| Outermost layer of the sun is |
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| the corona very high temperature at about 1 million Kelvin produces X rays |
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| Next layer down from corona |
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| is chromosphere temperature is about 10,000 Kelvin. Most of the light is in the UV range |
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| When you take a picture of the sun you are taking a picture |
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| Here heat is transported by buoyancy forces and the confection zone runs from 70% of the radius of the sun to 100% of the radius |
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| Here energy moves outward primarily due to radiation from center out to 70% of the radius |
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| very small region < 1% where the nuclear fusion occurs |
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| Protons and neutrons are held together by the |
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| Called strong force because |
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| its so much stronger than electric force |
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| There are only ? Fundamental forces in nature, the entire Universe |
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| Binds objects that have mass |
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| Binds objects that have unlike electrical charges |
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| Your body is held together by |
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| EM force is strong, more so than |
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| gravity, on earth, think Black Hole |
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| Binds together the quarks that have unlike color charge |
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| Protons and Neutrons are made of |
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| Anytime the nucleus is modified in an atom the |
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| An interaction that allows a down quark to change into an up qu |
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| In the sun, or any fusion reaction, the |
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| EM force is irrelevant so long as the velocities are sufficiently high |
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| The effective reaction in the sun is |
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| the fusing of 4 protons into 1 Helium4 atom and a release of energy (Gives off gamma rays, positrons, and neutrinos) |
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| Sun has hit earth with 8 billion pounds of matter each second for 4.6 billion years |
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| It has about 5 billion years left |
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| Regulating. There is a relation to core temperature and pressure |
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| This slow outward migration of the photons |
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| Study of vibrations in the sun |
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| Home Stake South Dakota neutrino detector it uses 100,000 gallons of Dry Cleaning Fluid |
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| are very small they have almost no mass and as far as we can tell they are almost 1000 times smaller than an electron |
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| shift between three types as they travel through space |
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| All life forms utilize the same |
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| encoding molecule Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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| Has been produced with ease in our laboratories Most biologists believe that RNA was the original genetic material of life |
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| atmospheric gasses like methane water CO2 Ammonia etc. when subjected to electrical sparks Produced all the major complex molecules required for life The big one is RNA Later experiments showed how microscopic membranes form |
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| Basic Requirements for life |
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| Source of Nutrition of which carbon is the most important. Source of energy provided the energy to rearrange the nutrient's to develop the organism Liquid water Solvent |
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| Proposed an equation in the late '60s Yields the number of advanced beings we might be able to communicate with in our galaxy |
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| Einstein's theory of special relativity |
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| 1905 told us that the three spatial dimensions and time are linked together to form a 4 dimensional "fabric" which we call space time |
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| Globally the universe could have |
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| parallel lines from lasers remain parallel |
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| parallel lines from lasers converge |
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| parallel lines from lasers diverge |
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| In 12 months earth will be in the same position however |
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| this is not entirely true time has passed |
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| unique path through space time |
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| first to determine the size of a Black hole |
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| Another word for event horizon |
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| is the Schwarzschild radius |
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