Term
| Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because |
|
Definition
| it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air |
|
|
Term
| The auditory tubes open into the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration |
|
Definition
| From the blood to the tissue cells |
|
|
Term
| Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is |
|
Definition
| greater than the pressure in the atomosphere |
|
|
Term
| What is one atmosphere of pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. |
|
Definition
| Inspiratory reserve volume |
|
|
Term
| When the diaphragm and external intercostal muscle contract |
|
Definition
| volume of the thorax increases |
|
|
Term
| Increasing the alveolar ventilation rate will |
|
Definition
| decrease the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| Pulmonary ventilation refers to the |
|
Definition
| movement of air into and out of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| Alveolar ventilation refers to the |
|
Definition
| movement of air into and out of the alveoli |
|
|
Term
| If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The partial pressure of oxygen in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the interstitial space of peripheral tissues is approximately |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each of the following factors affect the rate of external respiration except? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each of the following factors affect the rate of external respiration: |
|
Definition
A) PO2 of the alveoli.
B) PCO2 of the blood.
C) thickness of the respiratory membrane.
E) solubility of oxygen in plasma. |
|
|
Term
| Dalton's Law of gases relates to |
|
Definition
| partial pressure of a gas in a mixture of gases |
|
|
Term
| Chloride shift occurs in order to |
|
Definition
| transport bicarbonate ion into the blood plasma |
|
|
Term
| About 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood |
|
Definition
| as bicarbonate ions in the blood plasma |
|
|
Term
| At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ___ percent saturated with oxygen. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin to peripheral tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under quiet conditions, blood returning to the heart retains about ________ of its oxygen content when it leaves the lungs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is in RBC
is an enzyme
can increase the amout of bicarbonate ion in plasma
can decrease the amount of bicarbonate ion in plasma |
|
|
Term
| The percentage of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 is |
|
Definition
| greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2 |
|
|
Term
| The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is |
|
Definition
| greater than the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temp is 43 degree centigrade |
|
|
Term
| Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low Po2. This increases the effectiveness of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is |
|
Definition
| less than hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low |
|
|
Term
| All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata |
|
Definition
medullary chemoreceptors.
aortic body.
carotid body. |
|
|
Term
| Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brains ability to regulate breathing in response to |
|
Definition
| changes in Pco2, Po2 and pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorption of ion, organic molecules, vitamins and water |
|
|
Term
| Process of filtration occurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glomeruli tufts of ____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Component of nephron confined in renal medulla |
|
Definition
loop of henle
and
collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Renal blood flow is about? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Substances larger than __________ are normally not allowed to pass through filtration membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Process of filtration is driven by? |
|
Definition
| blood hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
| Approx how much blood enters glomerular capsule each day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal conditions, glomerular filtration depends on three main pressure |
|
Definition
blood hydrostatic pressure
blood colloid osmotic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
Term
blood colloid osmotic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure |
|
Definition
| push fluid inside capillary |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism of kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure |
|
Definition
| increase secretion of renin by juxtaglomerular complex |
|
|
Term
| __________ produced in juxtaglomerular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH affects nephron in water reabsorption |
|
Definition
| work in distal tubule and collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| Ability to form concentrated urine depends on the function of? |
|
Definition
Loop of henle
collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| Mechanism for producing concentrated urine involves? |
|
Definition
secretion of ADH by neurohypophysis
aquaporins being inserted into membrane of collecting duct
high concentration of NaCl in interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts
Increase in facultative water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Thick ascending limb is ___________ to water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ADH working in distal CT and Collecting duct able to reabsorb ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Absense of ______ will cause large volume of dilute urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased permeability of collecting duct to water |
|
|
Term
| Drugs that inhibit ACE lead to |
|
Definition
decreased blood pressure
Decrease of aldosterone
Increase loss of sodium in urine
Decrease sodium reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What undergoes tubular secretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hydrogen ions
penicillin
creatinine
potassium ions |
|
|
Term
| Which substance not found in filtrate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Filtrate in proximal convoluted tubule contains? |
|
Definition
hydrogen ions
water
nutrients
urea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
relies on countercurrent multiplication
creates high interstitial NaCl concentration
enables production of hypertonic urine
site of obligatory water reabsorption |
|
|
Term
| When level of ADH decreases |
|
Definition
| osmolarity of urine decreases |
|
|
Term
| Agents that increase urine excretion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As filtrates pass through renal tubules, what % is reabsorbed and returned to circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys: |
|
Definition
| urine with lower concentration of sodium ions |
|
|
Term
| Proximal CT reabsorbs _____ of filtrate? |
|
Definition
|
|
