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| largest organ in the body |
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| epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous |
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| the layer of the skin where new skill cells are formed. it is avascular- no blood vessels. |
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| the layer of the skin that is inner and supportive. where all the "stuff" is located- sweat glands, nerves, sebaceous glands. |
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| layer of the skin where fat is stored. adipose tissue- temp. control |
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| the part of the nail where new cells are formed (the cuticle protects it) |
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| what part of the nail is highly vascular? |
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| offers protection, barrier, perception-senses, temp. regulation- adipose tissue, identification and communication, wound repair- skin cells are continually replaced (every 4 wks), and absorption. |
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| capillary refill happens in the... |
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| graded on a scale of 1-4. 2+= moderate pitting. 3+= obvious swelling- indention stays for a while. 4+= extreme pitting |
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| head and neck, axila- armpit, epitrochlea- arm, and inguinal. |
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| the 4 places where lymph nodes exist |
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| palpable. assess the area. if one is enlarged, est. the size, etc. |
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| all lymph nodes are NOT... |
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| use stethoscope to check for a bruit. listen for a blowing or swooshing sound. |
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| if the thyroid gland is enlarged what do you do to further assess? |
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| turbulent blood flow thru area. a blowing or swooshing sound |
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| when assessing the trachea, make sure it is in the... |
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| cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6. (oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens) |
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| which cranial nerves innervates the extraocular muscles? |
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| the part of the eye that covers the sclera |
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| if this gets inflamed, it leads to pink eye |
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| the part of the eye where our keenest vision is |
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| this causes a gradual blurring of vision |
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| hits around age 40, can't see as well, causes a decrease in near vision |
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| affects peripheral vision |
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| this eye problem is more common in african americans |
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| this eye problem primarily affects central vision |
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| snellen eye chart- used to assess central vision, cranial nerve II-optic nerve |
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| place patient 2o ft. away from chart, cover one eye, start around line 3 or 4, document whether they have glasses or contacts in |
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| the patient's peripheral vision compared to your own, cover up opposite eyes, ask patient to say "now" when they see your fingers |
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| shine light up on nose and see where it reflects in eyes- should be symmetrical |
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| if you notice a deviation in the corneal light reflex, go to which test next? |
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| look straight ahead. cover up one of eyes--> remove it and see if eye stays in same place |
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| diagnostic positions test |
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| have the patient follow your pen light with their eyes. 1,3,5,7,9,11- move circular through these 6 positions |
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| what it's called when you can see the sclera above the iris |
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| move light in and away from eye (don't be too far away and bring in the light from the side). see pupil's reaction |
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| test that looks at whether the eyes converged and pupils dilated when switching attention to a closer object |
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| most common pathway of hearing |
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| can hear through vibrations in the skull |
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| interpret meaning of sound in cerebral cortex |
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| this leads to sensory neural loss |
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| these are toxic to the ear. ex. erythromyosin, aspirin-can cause tinnitus (ringing in ear), and lasics (diuretics) |
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| pick 3 random, 2 syllable words and ask them to repeat them back to you. |
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| the weber test and the rinne test |
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| the two tests that use the tuning fork |
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| this test tests bone conduction. can you hear the ringing equally in both ears? |
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| tests air conduction as compared to bone conduction. put the tuning for behind the ear on the mastoid bone. tell them to say now when they don't hear anything anymore and then move it in front of the ear and ask them to tell you how long they can hear it. |
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| hair, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails |
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| the 4 epidermal appendages |
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| loss of elastin, collagen, and subcutaneous fat. sweat glands and sebaceous glands decrease in number. |
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| list some effects of aging skin |
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| in the aging adult, hair decreases in what? |
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| asymmetry, border, color, diameter, and elevation and enlargement |
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| the ABCDE rule for skin self-examination |
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| 180 degrees. angle is gone |
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| describe the angle of nail clubbing |
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| preauricular, posterior auricular, occipital, submental, submandibular, jugulodigastric, superficial cervical, deep cervical, posterior cervical, supraclavicular |
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| increased intraocular pressure |
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| breakdown of cells in the macula of the retina |
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| pupillary light reflex, fixation, and accomodation |
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| three tests for visual reflexes |
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| constriction of the pupil when bright light shines on the retina |
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| reflex direction of the eye toward an object attracting a person's attention |
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| adaptation of the eye for near vision |
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| snellen eye chart, near vision |
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| tests central visual acuity |
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| size and shape, and temporal area |
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| in the physical exam of the head, what do you inspect and palpate the skull for? |
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| in the physical exam of the head, when inspecting the face what do you look at? |
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| symmetry, range of motion, lymph nodes, trachea, and thyroid gland (posterior approach, anterior approach, auscultate) |
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| what do you inspect and palpate on the neck? |
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| outer- sclera, middle- choroid, inner- retina |
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| in terms of the internal anatomy of the eye, what are the outer, middle, and inner layers called? |
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| the middle layer- choroid |
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| the ciliary body and iris, the pupil, lens, and anterior chamber all make up what layer of the eye? |
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| the optic disc, retinal vessels, and macula all make up what layer of the internal eye? |
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| corneal light reflex, cover test, and diagnostic positions test |
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| what three tests do you use to inspect the extraocular muscle function? |
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| size and shape, pupillary light reflex, and accommodation |
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| what do you inspect on the iris and pupil? |
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| the external auditory canal and the tympanic membrane |
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| what two things make up the external ear? |
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| malleus, incus, stapes, eustachian tube |
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| what 4 things make up the middle ear? |
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| vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea |
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| what 3 things make up the inner ear? |
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| air conduction and bone conduction |
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| what are the two pathways of hearing? |
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| frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid |
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| the four paranasal sinuses |
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| oropharynx, tonsils, and nasopharynx |
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| what three things make up the throat? |
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| parotid, submandibular, and sublingual |
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| three types of salivary glands |
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| enclosed sac filled with synovial fluid |
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| bundles of fiber that compose skeletal muscle |
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| connects muscle to muscle |
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| ball in socket joint. wide range of motion |
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| the largest joint in the body. hinge joint-only flexion and extension |
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| hinge joint. lateral malleus and medial malleus |
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| when doing range of motion, always do what?? |
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| when you pull the foot back toward the patient and there's pain in the calf |
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| a way to detect irritated nerves in the wrist and hand |
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| the brain and spinal cord |
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| the central nervous system consists of... |
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| 12 cranial nerves and 31 spinal nerves |
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| the peripheral nervous system consists of... |
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| deep tendon reflexes (patellar), visceral reflex, pathological (abnormal), superficial (skin) |
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| the 4 types of reflex arc |
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| partial or incomplete paralysis |
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| TIA (transic ischemic attack) |
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| stand still for 20 seconds with eyes closed- shouldn't sway too much |
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