Term
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Definition
| Underlain by limestone/dolomite/soluble rock. |
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Term
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Definition
-valleys below headlands underlain by jointed & soluble rock at/near surface
-abundant rainfall |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
surficial red (CL-CH) clay
found on gentle/moderate slopes |
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Term
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Definition
Grooved/fluted limestone solution surface feature.
Creates knife-like ridges. |
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Term
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Definition
| most common feature, created by solution or collapse of subsurface cave. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perched watertable in a clay-clogged sinkhole. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hole at the bottom of a sinkhole where surface runoff flows in to subsurface cavities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A karst terrain "interior valley". A flat floored depression, usually created by lateral dissolution/planation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A karst terrain region characterized by numerous sinkholes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hole in the ground where one can obs. subterranean water flowing between caverns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elongated karst window. Can be 1000s ft to a mile or longer. |
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Term
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Definition
| >10mi depression of subsidence and solution along a fault line. |
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Term
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Definition
| A surficial waterway that disappears underground (possibly in to a swallow hole). |
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Definition
| The point at which a sinking creek ends. |
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Term
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Definition
| A valley ending at a swallow hole. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of blind valley; A transitional feature between surface/subsurface drainage in an area of clastic rocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Isolated hill remnant due to solution erosion in karst terrain. |
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Term
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Definition
Large underground cavity extending in any direction with ≥1 level.
Solution of limestone along joints/bedding planes. |
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Term
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Definition
Structures created by underground water flow in karst terrain.
Collapse of tunnels w/ remaining segments creates (xxxxxxxxxxx). |
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Term
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Definition
| CaCO3 precipitate in caverns, coats walls/floors/ceilings. |
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Term
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Definition
| Travertine deposits of carbonate-rich water from the ceiling. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Stand "mighty" up from the floor. |
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Term
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Definition
| Irregular, twig-shaped deposits w/ water flow, damp but not dripping. |
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Term
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Definition
| A permanent snowfield, compacted & recrystallized under its own weight. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wider u-shape, rather than an incised river valley. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uppermost region of a glacier w/ the most snowfall. Weight erodes solid rock underneath. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lower zone of a glacier w/ the most snow & ice lost through melting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Location where a glacier thins out to nothing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Assemblage of erosional landforms on exposed bedrock resulting in glacial flow. |
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Term
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Definition
Elongated bedrock knob, parallel to glacial directional flow.
Rounded upstream end, steep and sharp downstream end. |
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Term
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Definition
| Series of smooth rounded erosional rock mounds w/ alternating parallel valleys. |
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Term
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Definition
Deposition of material at glaciers terminus, marking furthest progression.
Typically classified GC |
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Term
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Definition
| Younger glaciation creates a recessional moraine w/ advancement less than (xxxxxx). |
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Term
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Definition
"Ground moraine"
Deposition of GC (till) forming a relatively flat, undulating surface.
Buries pre-glacial topo. |
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Term
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Definition
| All rock/soil/material carried & deposited by a glacier, or glacial melt water. |
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Term
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Definition
Unsorted, unstratified glacial deposit (GC).
Mixture of CL/ML/SW/GW. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synonymous w/ till plain. |
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Term
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Definition
Found at maximum extent of glacial movement.
Tend to be more extensive but difficult to distinguish w/ ground moraine material. |
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Term
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Definition
| Elongated ellipsoidal feature composed of till materials. Generally found clustered near terminal/recessional moraines. |
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Term
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Definition
Broad plain of stratified debris carried by meltwater in front of and beyond terminal/end moraines.
GW/SW grades to finer beds at distance. |
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Term
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Definition
Serpentine-shaped "ridgeline" deposits.
Dropped bedload from subglacier meltwaters.
Kind of looks like a railroad embankment. |
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Term
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Definition
A depression in postglacial terrain, due to the melt of a stranded ice block.
Creates settlement of overlying glacial drift. |
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Term
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Definition
| An irregularly shaped hill/mound of sand to gravel. Created on the glacier w/in a surficial depression, then deposited after further melting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Frequently found along margins of a glacial valley, these stratified deposits tend to slope downvalley and pair up on opposite sides of the valley. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mountainous, high alpine horseshoe-shaped hollow, created by erosive action at the glaciers head. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small deep lake forming w/in a cirque (i.e. a cirque lake). |
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Term
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Definition
| Smoothed surface of bedrock due to abrasive action of glacial movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lines scraped into bedrock by rocks being transported at base of glacier. Point to glacial movement direction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Steep, u-shaped valley, widened and deepened by glacial erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of cross-valley steps, extending down from the cirque. |
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Term
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Definition
| A series or chain of lakes located on glacial steps. |
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Term
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Definition
| U-shaped glacial valley truncated by deeper glacial valley. Creates an elevated valley mouth high on the main valley wall. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jagged, sawtooth-like ridge, developed by cirques on opposite sides of the same ridgeline. |
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Term
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Definition
| The narrow sharp-edged pass or sag along an arete. |
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Term
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Definition
| Jagged, sharp peak at an arete high point, due to erosional action of three or more cirques. |
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Term
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Definition
| An isolated horn due to lateral intersection of cirques. |
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Term
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Definition
| A pre-glacier ridgeline, running across the glaciers path, which has been truncated by the glacier as it scoured it's valley. |
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Term
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Definition
| Submerged glacial trough/valley, resulting from risen sea levels as glaciers melted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar shape to a fjord (as a long glacial trough filled w/ water), but found above sea level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, narrow deposit of GW/SW outwash deposited by meltwater, beginning at the end moraine and extending downvalley. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plain formed by a lake filling w/ sediment which has been deposited along glacial margins. V. flat bottom in hilly terrain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hummocky landscape consisting of knolls/mounds of drift, interspersed w/ basins/kettles (basins often filled w/ water). |
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Term
| Sand blasting and deflation |
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Definition
| Primary causes of eolian erosional features. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abrasion of the landscape by airborne sand particles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Removal of loose sand grains by the wind. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long, jagged, sharp-edged ridge between troughs, oriented w/ prevailing wind direction. |
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Term
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Definition
Stones unidirectionally abrated so as to create a faceted/polished surface.
Strong winds, plentiful sand, limited/no vegetation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of wind/water erosion where resistant rocks overlie more easily eroded (weaker) rocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deflation-caused depression, either in surface of weaker underlying material or a small break in the surface of a larger windblown deposit. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively flat residual surface of closely-packed, wind-polished stone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in both actively migrating dune fields and areas stabilized by a change in climate and/or vegetation growth. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any particles smaller than sand removed by the wind, creating a consistent grain-sized deposit. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small-scale feature found on surface of sand deposits. |
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Term
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Definition
Found due to sand path obstructions.
Shadow forms behind obstruction, drift forms on lee side. |
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Term
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Definition
| Well sorted sand (SW) piled up due to transportation. |
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Term
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Definition
Crescent-shaped, tails point downwind.
No vegetated cover. |
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Term
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Definition
Crescent-shaped, tails point upwind.
Some vegetated cover. |
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Term
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Definition
Perpendicular to wind direction.
Gentle windward slope, steeper lee side slope. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
V. large hill or ridge of sand, elongated parallel to prevailing wind.
Can be miles long and wide. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Extensive flat area covered w/ coarse-grained sand.
Typically covered w/ ripple marks. |
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Term
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Definition
Wind-blown silt (ML) which is calcareous, homogeneous, and permeable.
Great for agriculture. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dominant source of geomorphic activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Results in weathering of soil/rock; unconcentrated runoff contributes to development of valleys/systems/slopes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Lowest level beyond which a stream cannot erode its bed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of heavier particulate (pebbles/gravel/boulders) which bounce (saltation) along the bottom of a channel. |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of sediment kept aloft in a water column by turbulence during downstream sediment transportation. |
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Term
| Stream channel development |
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Definition
| Deepening, widening, lengthening |
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Term
| Shallow, slow channel water |
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Definition
Inside of the bends in a river.
Deposits larger sediments (gravel bars). |
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Term
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Definition
Middle of the channel between riverbends.
Location of channel scouring. |
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Term
| Deepest, quickest channel water |
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Definition
| Outside of river bends; causes significant widening. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fan-shaped deposit of a rivers sediment load, located at areas along the river where velocity is reduced, i.e. leaving mountainous foothills. |
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Term
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Definition
Coarser-grained sloping foreset beds, which slope away from river mouth or offshore. (sands)
Finer-grained horizontal bottomset beds deposited further offshore. (silts/clays) |
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Term
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Definition
| Midstream deposits of GP/SP where river velocity decreases. Generally seen located on inside of meanders. |
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Term
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Definition
As river flood stage recedes, suspended load is deposited parallel to channel. Overtime, builds up along river channels.
Generally sand and coarse silt (SW-ML) |
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Term
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Definition
| Inchannel deposits of GW/SW in braided pattern, due to channel velocity changes. Bedload shifts around due to deposited blockages. |
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Term
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Definition
In profile, a remnant of the old valley floor, or depositional accum. of stream deposits.
Older deposits elevated above more recent deposits as river channel continues vertical erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
Form on flood plains due to river bank erosion.
A type of meander loop. |
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Term
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Definition
Form on a flat surface, but increased velocity erodes a deeper meander which prevents water from leaving the channel.
A type of meander loop. |
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Term
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Definition
Asymmetric indicates directional current.
Symmetrical indicates oscillating water current. |
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Term
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Definition
Broad, relatively flat surface caused by various erosional processes over long time.
Includes marine abrasion a/o sheet wash. |
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Term
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Definition
Similar to peneplain, but are slightly inclined planer surfaces.
Meet mountains at upper abrupt angle, and grade to flat valley bottem.
Common in arid regions. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prominent isolated remnant of a mountain surrounded by pediment surface, e.g. Ayers Rock, Australia. |
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Term
| Rock type/strength, joint/fracture pattern, coastline shape, tide swing, continental shelf extent/depth |
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Definition
| Important characteristics that influence coastal erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Submerging/Retreated coast. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Wave cut bench / marine terrace |
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Definition
| A level, eroded platform that is/was at surf level, due to abrasion of rock debris. |
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Term
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Definition
Scarp-like feature found landward of marine terrace.
Caused by undercutting erosion of waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| The more resistant rock of cliffs/upland area remaining following wave erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develop along headland, where wave erosive action from multiple directions. |
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Term
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Definition
| An isolated and separated portion of headland cliff; still exposed at high tide. |
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Term
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Definition
| An isolated and separated portion of headland cliff; only exposed as tide recedes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Well-sorted sand deposits w/ constant mechanical weathering. Young deposits w/ larger gravels, mature w/ finer sands. |
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Term
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Definition
Submerged sand ridges developed through wave action.
Generally develop in the winter w/ storm activities, and disappear during summers calm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deposition occurs as longshore currents deposit sand off of a coastal projection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deposition of sand at the end of a spit due to wrap-around wave action. |
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Term
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Definition
| A connecting "bridge" of a sand bar between the beach and a stack. |
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Term
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Definition
| A built-up and permanent sand bar, which over time develops sand dunes and vegetation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shallow and calm lagoons develops between the beach and the (xxxxx). |
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Term
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Definition
| A string of islands running parallel to the shore. |
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