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| Legitimation- is the act of providing legitimacy. Legitimation in the social sciences refers to the process whereby an act, process, or ideology becomes legitimate by its attachment to norms and values within in given society. Often it is using the past to legitimize the present power |
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| the act of removing the legitimacy from something, or of making something illegitimate, destroying someone’s image like Tutmosis III did to his aunt Queen Hatshepsut |
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| The Amarna Letters showed that Egypt had a greater political power than other countries because of the evidence of prostration formulas seen in letters written to the pharaoh but not by the pharaoh to others. |
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| Amarna Letters also showed that there were ethnic relations between the Apiru (Hebrews) and the rest of the city dwellers |
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| Homogeneity means of a single group. So cultural homogeneity means having culture without diversity, or cultural environment where most is the same without many differences or variations, uniform and similar. |
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The differences within a cultural group. Large population groups, such as Asian Americans, Native Americans or Hispanics possess many similarities, but also differ by tribe, national origin, language, geography and culture
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| Triangular structure that converges at a point. Used in Egypt as tombs to bury Pharaohs |
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| Pyramids with large steps used for temples/worshipping in egypt |
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step like subterranean tomb
type of Ancient Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with outward sloping sides that marked the burial site of Egyptian. Mastabas were constructed out of mud-bricks or stone and were built on top of one another |
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| First phase of Ancient Egypt, institution of the Pharaoh, pyramid building. |
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| Middle phase of Ancient Egypt, battles between Upper and Lower Egypt were taken place, Thebes becomes capital |
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| The last phase of Ancient Egypt, between the Second Intermediate Period and the Third. During this time Egypt went international, it was their first time working outside of Egypt. |
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ancient writing system of Ancient Egypt. Phonetic-meaning that the symbols were representative of distinct sounds (like the English alphabet) not full words or phrases.
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| A long journey in search of moral significance. Many religions have pilgrimages. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity travel to the holy land for pilgrimages. Egyptians made pilgrimages to Karnak and Thebes. |
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| Separate three kingdoms of Ancient Egypt (old, middle, new). During these times there was no one leader.The third intermediate period on where the Greek kings (Ptolemy kings) ruled |
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| people get involved with plants and animals to grow and produce these with key traits that humans want to see. They do this both intentionally and unintentionally (marijuana is an example of this). The earliest plants to be domesticated were wheat and barley, the earliest animals were sheep and goat. |
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| One of the Semitic languages spoken in ancient Mesopotamia |
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| Cultivation of animals, plants and other life forms used to sustain life. It was the separation from the gathers/hunters to the city |
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| Southern part of Mesopotamia. Spoke Akkadian. 2000-500 B.C. |
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| The Nile and the Euphrates/Tigris would flood annually and the farmers would use this flooding to hydrate the fields. The Nile flooded at predictable times, while the Euphrates and Tigris did not. |
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| The Assyrians lived in the North of Mesopotamia and spoke Akkadian. 2000-500 B.C. |
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| irrigation farming is done with lots of water and therefore is easier, where dry farming is where there is not a lot of water so it is harder to do. Lower Mesopotamia and both Upper or Lower Egypt (along the Nile) was irrigation farming. The Nile flooded annually and at a predictable time while the Euphrates/Tigris were unpredictable. The Levant was dry farming. |
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| First city. It was in the lower region of Mesopotamia, below Baghdad. It had a lot of arable land and lots of water. It was the first agrarian society . The Sumerian language was a language isolate. Between 3500-2000 BC |
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| set of 282 codes of law which were set by King Hammurabi. The laws were inscribed on a Steele dating to 1700BC found in Iran, they were written in Babylonian (not the language of the place found). It consisted of three parts- a prologue, epilogue, and Hammurabi seated receiving the laws from the god Shamash. The King said that the laws had come to him from a god so legitimized the rule. The laws were never quoted or used as reasoning in the rulings in Mesopotamia, therefore it was used as a divine right of Hammurabi’s rule. |
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| Final stage of Egyptian language. Script is adapted Greek alphabet with 6 or 7 signs from the demotic script. It is a script (writing system) rather than spoken language |
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| Written by scripts that could not speak Akkadian (the lingua franca of the time) so there were a lot of grammar mistakes. Tells about Egypt when Amenphis established a new capital city, Memphis. Egyptian capital that Akhenaten moved. He wrote and received the letters, the letters were written in Akkadian, Read between the lines and interpret the different language,Tells us about the imbalance of political powers |
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| a natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. They are in effect language families consisting of a single language. |
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| can also be called Habiru. Name given by Sumerian, Akkadian and Egyptian sources to a group of people living as nomadic invaders in areas of the Fertile Crescent from Northeastern Mesopotamia and Iran to the borders of Egypt in Canaan.These Habiru are variously described as nomadic or semi-nomadic, rebels, outlaws, raiders, mercenaries, and bowmen, servants, slaves, migrant labores The name Habiru was also found in the Amarna letters, which again include many names of Canaanite peoples written in Akkadian. The Amarna letters written to Egyptian pharaohs in the 14th century BC document a time of unrest in Canaan that goes back before the battle of Kadesh to the time of Thutmose I. These were thought to be Hebrew people. |
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| is a significant Egyptian archaeological find, dating from about the 31st century BC, the palette is an artistic palette. It is representative of the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under the king Narmer who pulled a political coup. He is wearing the upper Egypt crown and killing the wearer of the lower Egypt crown. It also shows the city and country dwellers under his rule. |
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group of related languages spoken in the middle east it includes Arabic Hebrew and Aramaic |
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| This is a Semitic language with a specific dialect of the Southern region of the Middle East. |
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| This is a Semitic language. It is considered the language of the Jewish people |
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| Ancient Egyptian Steele written in three languages. Greek, Egyptian hieroglyphs and demotic. Gave the first clues as to how to interpret Egyptian hieroglyphs. |
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| Semitic language belonging to the Afrosiatic language family. Language spoken by Jesus |
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| Writing system that emerged in Sumer, first began as a system of pictographs, Cuneiform documents were usually clay tablets |
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the most popular language of a time period like English is to the world today |
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| Term/title given to a year, sometimes based in reference to who ruled at the time or from a significant event |
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10,000 years after the ice age there was an increase in water and rain and the temperature increased. This was when farming began, the fertile crescent was the first place to begin farming. |
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| The cities became more dependent on the agricultural societies and there was the rise of the state (centralized federal government). 3500BC in Sumer/mesopotamia |
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| This was the land between Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Mesopotamia. It received the most rain and has the earliest signs of farming. |
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natural made in lower Mesopotamia and along the Nile. Because of sediment in the river the level was above the flood plain on either side of the banks. Rivers would move all around because they would break the bank down during flooding. Also, the salts from the rivers would be detrimental to the soil so farmers either left the land alone or tilled it.
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| people of the marshlands in Southern Mesopotamia, they lived in the ancient Sumerian ways. They were well known for making reed dwellings. |
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| A complex society is composed of three parts- (1)large population, (2) social differentiation (3) economic differentiation. As the society becomes more complex it has more parts that are different and are interdependent |
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idea that Spanish only came here to take what they want and leave (demonized the Spanish)
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700 years of cycles of conquest in Spain that ended in 1492
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| Form of tribute from native American labor or materials awarded by the Spanish king . Usually given the Spanish conquerors |
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What the Aztec people were referred to after the conquest |
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| Polytheistic empire that existed through series of conquers throughout Mesoamerica (had gaps), took over territories of Mexica |
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| city state - basic level of organization in Mesoamerica |
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| a merging of cultures like the Spanish and the Aztecs merging their cultures together |
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| term used to describe Aztec rulers of Tenochtitlan |
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| land between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. Believed to be where the first state was created |
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| city of Queen Hatshepsut’s temple in Egypt |
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| A city located near the Jordan west bank. Jericho is the lowest permanently inhabited site on earth, also might be one of the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, more than 20 successive settlements in Jericho about 9000BC |
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| super nova of ancient Mesopotamian cities. The city began as a religious center with the ziggurats as a center spot in the city. This was the scene of the Epic of Gilgamesh. |
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| one of the two rivers that runs through present day Iraq, ancient Mesopotamia. East side of Iraq. |
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| one of the two rivers that runs through present day Iraq, ancient Mesopotamia. West river. |
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| the Nile Delta. North of the Nile |
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| flood plain of the Nile, South of the Nile |
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| was considered the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia, and is one of the oldest cities in the world. Located 12 km southwest of Ur, Eridu was the southernmost of a conglomeration of Sumerian cities that grew about temples, almost in sight of one another, tells were popular here, believed to be the mound of creation, the first land to rise from the water, one of the first cities and it is a pilgrimage site (the temple was destroyed19 times and rebuilt). |
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| First metropolitan center/capital, located near where modern day Cairo is, on border of Lower and Upper Egypt. It was an administrative capital, where other cities in Egypt were not. |
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the third largest city in Egypt. It is located on the west bank of the Nile River. the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world, including a complex of ancient Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred structures, including the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples, the Giza Plateau is also home to many other ancient Egyptian monuments, including the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First Dynasty, as well as that of Pharaoh Ninetjer of the Second Dynasty.
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| In Iraq, an ancient Assyrian city located south of Nineveh on the river Tigris. |
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| is the common English name of one of the most ancient cities of Upper Egypt, and also of the eight Upper Nome of which it was the capital city, considered one of the most important archaeological sites of Ancient Egypt, the sacred city of Abydos was the site of many ancient temples where early pharaohs were entombed. These tombs began to be seen as extremely significant burials and in later times it became desirable to be buried in the area, leading to the growth of the town's importance as a cult site, this is a burial town and a pilgrimage town. |
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| is a valley in Egypt where, for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, tombs were constructed for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom, the valley stands on the west bank of the Nile, opposite Thebes, was the principal burial place of the major royal figures of the Egyptian New Kingdom, together with those of a number of privileged nobles. The royal tombs are decorated with scenes from Egyptian mythology and give clues to the beliefs and funerary rituals of the period. Almost all of the tombs seem to have been opened and robbed in antiquity, but they still give an idea of the opulence and power of the rulers of this time, has become famous for the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamen |
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| upper Egypt, Greek name for a city in Ancient Egypt located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile. The Theban Necropolis is located nearby on the west bank of the Nile, was a festival city not one in the traditional sense. It includes Luxor and Karnak |
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| located in present day Iraq. It was founded as a purposeful location because it divided the politics and geographic areas perfectly |
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| temple complex in upper Egypt in Thebes where kings were buried or celebrated. lots of temples and ceremonial things. Located next to valley of the kings. |
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temple complex in upper Egypt in Thebes where kings were buried or
celebrated. |
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| where capital was moved to in Egypt |
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| located in egypt, names after Alexander the Great, best example of the Greek and Mediterranean influence on Egypt, the town morphed a lot of Egyptian and Greek art, gods, and ways of life. It was a melting pot city where there were many religions living at peace with one another, made after the new kingdom era |
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| The first establishment of Pharaohs |
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| Modern Israel, Jordan (it is in between Egypt and Mesopotamia near the Mediterranean), the land with very few rivers so dry farming is used , and this is a mountainous region. The population is low but there are cities, but no states. |
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| area of the Elamite, Persian and Parthinian empires, east of Mesopotamia, in the lower areas of the Zargos Mountains, modern Iran |
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| one of the ancient civilizations which resided in Eastern Mesopotamia in the Zargos mountains |
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| Fell in 1521, city that was occupied by the Mexica, capitol of the Aztecs. |
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| in Mexico in Aztec territory where the city Tenochtitlan was located |
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| Looked at the history of Egypt to put the pharaohs in chronological order before 2000 BC,Sumerian King’s List. He created the terms old, middle, and new kingdom |
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| thought to be the Hebrew people. They were travelers and tent people that were considered uncivilized and on the fringes of society. They were politically at odds with the governments of the time. |
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| Female pharaoh of Ancient Egypt for ~20 years brother died and her nephew Tutmosis III was too young so she ruled “temporarily”, was very successful but when Tutmosis III finally took over he delegitimized her (he destroyed her image and reputation to make himself look better in comparison) |
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| Lesser Egyptian Pharaoh, burial chamber was found intact in the Valley of the Kings |
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| Egyptian pharaoh that promoted a monotheistic religion (Aten god promoted) rather than the polytheistic style. He legitimized his rule by promoting one God. He moved the capital from Memphis to Amarna, sent communication around the world during his rule. |
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King, Ruler of Babylonia 1700 BC, he was imperialistic and tyrannical, Law Code of Hammurabi - example of Legitimation
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means “catfish” in Egyptian. He was the first king of ancient Egypt (Upper Egypt). He unified upper and lower Egypt. His conquering of his enemy can be seen of the Narmer Palette. “Unifier of Egypt”
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| born in Australia, educated in UK, excavated Skra Brae, proponent of Marxist archaeology. He is most important because he linked material culture to the way societies are made. Came up with the Agricultural and Urban revolutions |
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| Ancient Greek travel, named Egypt the gift of the Nile |
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| wrote about the pyramids in Giza and how they were thought to allow the Pharaohs to move between heaven and earth |
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| He was supposed to rule after his father but was too young, so his aunt, Hatshepsut ruled for 19 years. When she finally died and he ruled he deligitimized her tomb at Dier al-Bahri by removing her name from the temple. |
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| Emperor of the Aztec empire at the time of the Spanish conquest. |
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| The spanish conquisador that came to conquer the Aztecs in the new world |
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| Bernardino Sahagún(1499 – 1590) |
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| Came into the New World and set up a University to teach to indigenous nobles, 12 volume set, Florentine Codex |
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| Dominican priest, who resisted change and wrote about it. Some of the writings became laws, wrote about what is known as “The Black Legend.” |
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one of the earliest Colonial archaeologists that pushed to look at the culture after the conquests ended; just died last year
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| The major Bronze Age ethnic group in Levant is referred to as the Canaanites (T/F) |
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| Abydos was a city a lot like American cities (T/F) |
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