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| A design patterned after the leaves of one of these plants, used especially on the capitals of Corinthian columns. |
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| the pose that augustus of prima porta is doing in the sculpture. he is addressing the troops. |
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| An oval or round structure having tiers of seats rising gradually outward from a central open space or arena. |
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| The area in the center of an ancient Roman amphitheater where contests and other spectacles were held |
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| The way in which an illusion of space and depth is created through the technique of making forms in the background region with less contrast and softer edges. Often in atmospheric perspective there exists a change from warmer hues to cool hues. In general, warmer colors come forward, and cooler colors recede. |
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| the open area in the center of an ancient roman house |
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Names of Julius Caesar
-first emperor of the roman empire
-born Gaius Octavius Thurinus(63-44 AD)
-the senate awarded him the name Augustus(44-27 AD)
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barrel vault
-the simplest form of vault(a single arch) |
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A public building of ancient rome having a central nave with an apse and two aisles formed by rows of columns.
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| the semicircular, tiered seating area of an ancient roman theater. |
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| a combination of letters that forms an abbreviation of the name Jesus Christ, used as a Christian symbol |
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| a space left unroofed over the court of a roman dwelling, thru which the rain fell |
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| the last greek order; similar to the ionic order except that the capital is decorated with carvings of acanthus leaves |
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| a piece of armor that protects the breast and back |
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literally means "damnation of memory"/removal from remebrance.
it was given to traitors by the roman senate |
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| a column partially built into a wall & not freestanding |
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| a statue depicting a rider on a horse |
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| a roman room with benches that is semicircular in plan. usually as a semicircular dome on top |
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| first style of pompeiian painting |
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-popular from 200-80 bce
-known as masonry style
-consisted of marble and the use of vivid color(symbolizing wealth) & patterns
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| second style of pompeiian painting |
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-dominated 1 century bce
-known as the illusionism stage
-had architectural features & tricked the eye(2d that looked 3d)
-used relative perspective |
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| a vault formed by the intersection of two or more barrel vaults |
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| an ancient underground burial chamber |
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| a tank that existed in roman dwellings. it caught water from the compluvium & usually had works of art around the rim |
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"in this sign you will conquer"
-Constantine adopted this phrase
-it was an early Christian symbol |
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| column with spirals on the capital & a decorative base |
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-dynasty consisting of 5 roman emperors from 27BC-88AD
-consisted of augustus, tiberius, caligula, claudius, & nero
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| a winding curve in a river or road |
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| jewish candelabrum with seven branches used in ceremonies to symbolize the seven days of Creation |
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| a religion centered on mystical rites during the roman emperor |
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| a series of columns surround the garden |
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| a rectangle column sticking out from the wall |
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| a ground rock of crystals that is reddish in color |
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| volcanic ash used to produce cement |
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| roman government where power was shared between 4 people. |
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| volcanic tuff...fascinating. |
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| a simplified version of doric order in which it was a simpler base and no capital adornments |
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| a large roman awning used to cover a theater and protect it against weather |
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| thin layers of wood glued together |
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| wedged shaped stones in top of arches |
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| semicircular recess at the end of a church |
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| open area in the roman houses; skylit |
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| a representation in Byzantine art of Christ harrowing hell |
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| roman underground tunnel where bodies were buried |
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| the upper part of the nave containing windows |
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| Characteristic and elaborate church masonry style of the Helladic school. Four-sided stones are framed by thin, red bricks, the plinths. |
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| roman underground burial chamber found in catacombs |
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| departure of the Israelites from Egypt under Moses |
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| group meeting of Christians to worship in a house |
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| deliberate destruction of religious icons for political purposes |
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| a wall of Christian icons separating nave from sanctuary; portable |
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| type of enclosure in a painting surrounded by holy figures |
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| a lobby separated from the nave by railing |
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| the main body of the church |
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| a cemetery belonging to an ancient city |
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example of an orant pose
-hands are raised and stretched outward.
-typically a female pose |
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example of pendentive
-A curved triangle of vaulting formed by the intersection of a dome with its supporting arches |
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| roman figure of a naked, winged, human baby. |
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| devotional title for "mother of god" |
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| reuse of other materials in art |
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| structure that carries the weight of the dome |
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| stands for "Mother of God" |
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| part of church that crosses the nave at right angles(the cool upper part of the church) |
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| belief in shunning depictions of divinities or religious figures in art |
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| leader of islamics/always male |
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| a large dome covered interior space with elements that radiate from a central point |
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| movement around a sacred object |
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1) daily prayers
2) faith in muhammad
3)giving to the needy
4)self-purification thru fasting
5)pilgrimage to Makkah |
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| Typical Iranian mosque plan. Features a vaulted rectangular recess opening onto a courtyard |
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| features a large courtyard and low sanctuary supported by many columns |
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| vaulted hall with three sides covered and one side exposed |
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| cube shaped building in mecca & super freakin' intensely worshiped. |
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| an arch with a point on top of it |
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| a group of buildings used to teach islamic law |
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| enclosure in a mosque used for protection during prayers |
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| semicircular niche in mosque that indicated which way viewers should pray to mecca |
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| tall freestanding islamic poles by mosques |
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| pulpet in the mosque where the leader of prayer gives sermons |
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| islamic system of niches used for decoration |
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| wall in a mosque that is often called a prayer wall. mihrab is in center |
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| cubes of stone in a patterned mosaic. |
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| mammal skin used for writing on |
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ashokan pillar
-series of columns dispersed throughout india.
-only 19 survive today |
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| connection between heaven & earth |
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| longest running hindu dynasty in india |
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chaitya hall
-contains a stupa
-buddhism
-shows similarities to roman design of column and arch |
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| spots on the body that emote forces of energy |
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| hinduism: one's laws, duties, and responsibilities. |
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| small, unlit shrine in a hindu temple |
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| literature of india concerning the birth of buddha |
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| 32 representations that mark the buddha |
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| sacred art that takes a circular form |
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| pretty much means extinguishing sins. |
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| moundlike structure containing buddhist relics |
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| a hindu deity: "the supreme god"/the "father" |
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| circular dot placed on the head |
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| oval placed on top of buddha: symbolizes him as a spiritual guide |
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| north & south style hindu temples |
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Definition
north: beehive shaped tower & main body looks circular
south: pyramid shaped tower & looks more horizontal |
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Augustus of Primaporta
-used to be called Octavian: switched to Augustus
-depicts Parthians returning to military standards
-framed by cosmic icons(earth, sky, sun, moon)
-Cupid and Dolphin used as support structure
-no shoes=divine status
-wearing a cuirass
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Ara Pacis Augustae(Altar of Augustan Peace)13-9bc
-east side relief: depiction of pax(peace)
-south side: imperial procession(could depict augustus & agrippa in the crowd)
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East side relief of Ara Pacis Augustae
-personifications of roma & pax |
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South side relief of Ara Pacis Augustae
-Augustus and family members waiting in procession |
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Peristyle Garden, House of the Vettii, Pompeii
-69-72 bce
-purchased by free slaves(master died & set them free)
-lares & genius |
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Initiation of Rites of the Cult of Bacchus
Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii
-sense of depth: paintings of 3d stucco, marble, etc
-depicts initiation ceremony into cult of Dionysos
-mystery object used |
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Garden Scene, Villa of Primaporta, Pompeii
-atmospheric perspective
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Definition
Paintings from the House of Publius Fannius Synistor, Boscoreale
-refurnished over time, uses 2nd style paintings
-painted columns & landscapes
-linear perspective |
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Arch of Titus, Rome, 81 CE
-triumphal arch(victorious ceremony for Jewish Wars 66-70 CE)
-erected after death of Titus
-inscription tells date of building and that Titus was voted to be a god
-spandrels(winged victories)
-inside of left arch= spoils panel: troops carrying menorah from solomon's temple
-inside of right arch: triumph panel: winged victory riding with slave & goddess in chariot(slave now becomes god) |
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Flavian Amphitheater, 70-80 CE
-colosseum nickname comes from statue of colossos of nero
-engaged columns that mimic greek architecture(tuscan doric order) on first story
-ionic on second story
-corinthian on third story
-corinthian capitals on fourth story
-concrete used as core material/tuff/brick
-first stone amphitheater ever
-cavea: sloping seated area
arena: main action floor
hypogeum: area below arena
exterior has masts that shade the stadium.
the roman navy dealt with the ropes for the awning
velarium: shade tarps
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Column of Trajan, Rome
-imperial rome
-the base is the grave of trajan and wife plotina
-topped with bronze statue of st.peter(added later)
-has relief carvings of victory over dacians
-lower level has marching of the roman army & personification of danube river(man w/ beard rising out of water)
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Pantheon, 118-128 AD
-built during reign of Hadrian
-facade with columns and deep porch
-spherical dome area(used concrete mixed with stone)
-coffers- recessed panels
-oculus
-says "marcus agrippa made it"- linking hadrian to agrippa forevaaaaaaa
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Portrait of Septimius Severus & family
-severus claimed to be adopted son of martin aurelius
-made portraiture to appear like aurelius...alright, psycho.
-tempera on wood/attemped to shade
-sons caracalla and geta wearing crowns(face erased: damnatio memoriae)
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Tetrarchs, Venice<3, 300 CE
-made of porphyry: purple color reserved for upperclass
older&younger pair together to symbolize equality
-tetrarchy began after death of severus & ended after diocletian
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Colossal statue of Constantine
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Arch of Constantine
-reuses older monuments of Trajan, Hadrian, & Aurelius("good" emperors of rome)
-late antique style: less emphasis on non-central figures
-inscription on triumphal arch tells of liberation |
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Painting of Menorahs & Ark of the Covenant, Rome
-used to be in Solomon's temple
-discovered in jewish catacomb
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Paintings from the house-synagogue at Dura-Europos, Syria
-multi-cultural city, several religions
-fresco paintings had biblical narrative/christian symbols
-baby moses panel: late antique style
-samuel anoints david panel: hierarchy of scale, david wearing purple coat |
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Painting from baptistery of house-church in dura-europos
-shows good shepherd and adam and eve depictions |
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Definition
Painted ceiling from catacomb of Saint Peter & Marcellinus
medallion: central focus, depicts good shepherd
lunette: secondary figural images
story of jonah: prefiguration of christ
orant- person in prayful stance |
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Definition
Church of Santa Sabina, Rome
-basilican floor plan
-triumphal arch occupying the apse
-wooden door panels: scenes from old & new testament(ascension of elijah&crucifixion) |
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Church of Santa Costanza, Rome
-mausoleum for daughter constantine
-ambulatory with mosaics: harvesting grapes/dionysus
-circular plan type church
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Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus
-359 AD
-biblical relief pictures(combines old and new testament) |
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Definition
Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
-patrons: justinian & theodora
-architects: anthemius & isidorus
-converted to islamic mosque
-has a narthex, nave, apse, & aisles
-means "holy wisdom"
-central plan with a dome
-has pendentives & squinches |
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Definition
Church of San Vitale, Ravenna
-central plan building, domed octagon
-colored marble w/ symmetrical pattern
-mosaic decoration in apse: depicts Christ, angels.
-*architecture was a votive offering
-mosaic of justinian: purple robes, halo: imperial & religious significance.
-mosaic of theodora: purple robe, halo, 3 wise men |
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Definition
mosaic of theodora
in san vitale ravenna |
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Definition
mosaic of justinian
in san vitale ravenna |
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Definition
Virgin and child with saints and angels
-iconoclasm that was popular from 4th century and on in public and private locations
-this picture survived even though emperor leo banned it
-shows mary as the "seat of wisdom"
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Churches of Monastery of Hosios Loukas
-greece, 10-11 century
-contains church of theotokos & katholikon
-katholikon was a dome built with a squinch system on an octagon
-middle byzantine period
-has a fresco depicting pantokrator- Christ as ruler of all |
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Definition
Mosaic from the Church of Dormition, Daphni, Greece
-shows Christ as pantokrator: ruler of all
-crucifixion with emphasis on frontal figures
-gold mosaic
-angry jesus with studded bible: adds to emotional power
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Definition
Virgin of Vladimir
moscow, 11th-12th century
-tempera on wood
-shows theotokos
-middle byzantine art |
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Definition
Anastasis from the Funerary Chapel of Theodore Metochites
-image in narthex depicts Metochites offering a model of the church |
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Definition
the kaaba at mecca
-circumbulation |
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Definition
Dome of the Rock, Israel, 687-692 AD
-central plan building, octagon shaped
-shrine built around a rock
-cave underneath=well of souls
-geometric and floral mosaics on interior. no human figures
-calligraphy: quotes from Quran
-solomon built his temple here & herod had a second temple here. both destroyed.
-titus and mohammed taken from dome of the rock to the heaven
-shows part of jewish wall(wailing wall)
-outside is 7th century, inside is 16th century
-san vitale and santa costanza compare
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Definition
Great Mosque at Damascus 706-715
-hypostyle columns/sahm courtyard/minarets
-built over a Christian basilica/used roman walls
-has a mihrab that indicates the location of mecca on the qibla wall
-mosaics represent paradise/vegetation
-ummayad caliphs |
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Definition
Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
-mihrab NOT pointed directly at mecca
-in the middle is a medieval christian church
-christians turned it into a gothic church complex
-horseshoe arch entrance
-spolia: prayer hall from roman and visigoth architecture
-maqsura: area set aside for prayer for important people
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Definition
Great Mosque, Isfahan, Iran
-"the mosque is the house of every pious person"
-was eventually configured into a mihrab, and then the 4 iwan plan(chambers with arched opening).
-pointed arch with muqarnas(honeycomb indention)
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Definition
Mosque of the Sultan Selim, Edirne, Turkey
-ottoman mosque
-stands at the center of a medrese(islamic school)
-able to see the mihrab at any angle |
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Term
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Definition
seal impressions from the indus valley
-sealstones: used to mark property
-depictions of animals, divinities, ancient scripts, yogi |
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Definition
cursive and kufic script
geometric patterns mimic the design of muqarnas |
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Definition
1750-322 BCE
formation of 3 major religions
-buddhism(youngest)
-hinduism
-jainism |
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Definition
Lion capital from sarnath
-maurya period
-type of chakra:abacus(circular symbol represents buddha)
-4 lions pointing in cardinal direction
-downturned lotus
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Term
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Definition
Great Stupa at Sanchi
-marks shrine over the remains of buddha
-chatra: 3 tiered umbrella shape
-harmika: square fence sanctioned for divinites
-verdika: stone fence at the base of the structure
-torana: entranceways
-mandala: diagram of the cosmos
-east torana has relief decorations relating to the life of buddha and a yakshi which is a carved figure
-axis mundi-axis of the world connection |
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Definition
east torana
-reliefs of the buddah
-yakshi- nature divinity
-mandala: diagram of cosmos
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Term
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Definition
yakshi bracket figure
forms a bracket between capital and lowest crossbar
-carefree female figures
-on great stupa |
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Term
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Definition
Chaitya Hall, Karle
-horseshoe opening
-three entrances
-barrel vault
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Term
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Definition
Standing Buddha, Gandhara, Pakistan
-kushan period
-ushnisha: hair knot
-lakshana: symbol that represents buddha
-monk's robe/urna(tuft between eyes) |
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Definition
Buddha & Attendents
-the mathura school
-kushan period
-chakra-circular patterns on feet and hands
-mudra: hand position
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