Term
| What are the four sub-disciplines of anthropology? |
|
Definition
cultural anthropology
biological anthropology
linguistics
archaeology |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of past human societies through material culture |
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Term
|
Definition
| The study of past human societies by documentation |
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Term
|
Definition
| artifacts that are manufactured |
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Term
|
Definition
technomic
sociotechnic
ideotechnic
ecofacts |
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Term
|
Definition
| aid in coping with the environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| deals with manifestation of sub-system of (total) society |
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Term
|
Definition
| abstract rationalizations and theologies of a society |
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Term
|
Definition
| provide data about human environment |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Work and Days have in it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Speculates about three different Ages (gold-Immortals, silver-Humans, bronze) |
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|
Term
| Important people from past civilizations used artifacts of their own as a tool to __________ |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Aztecs were fascinated by what culture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who of Babylon collected artifacts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who are considered to be the founding fathers of archaeology? |
|
Definition
| Stukely and Cambden (both williams) |
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Term
|
Definition
| visited sites and documented them-no excavations |
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|
Term
| What of Stukely's work is used today? |
|
Definition
| His notes in order to aid the curation and stabilization of archaeological sites |
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|
Term
| Who is considered THE founding father? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| When and where did Jefferson excavate |
|
Definition
| 1784 on one of the mounds on his property |
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|
Term
| What are the three important things that Jefferson did? |
|
Definition
Used scientific method
Touched on topics of stratigraphy and preservation
Didn't see it as impossible for the Native Americans to have built the mounds |
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|
Term
| What two men worked on Indian burrows in Europe? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What did Hoare and Cunnington do to the burial mounds? |
|
Definition
| Seriated them and left plaques (first public archaeology?) |
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Term
| What was the problem with Hoare and Cunnington's work? |
|
Definition
| Still working within biblical framework |
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|
Term
| What did General Pitt-Rivers introduce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Who was Pitt-Rivers contemporary with? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| further developed seriation techniques at Naqada Cemetary |
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|
Term
| What did the scientific tradition start with? |
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Definition
| The search for the origins of humanity, itself linked intimately with geology |
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|
Term
| What did James Hutton do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did the Theory of Earth do? |
|
Definition
Foreshadowed Jefferson
Stratification |
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|
Term
| What did Charles Lyell do? |
|
Definition
| Came up with uniformitarianism |
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|
Term
| What did Jaques Bocher de Perthes do? |
|
Definition
| established anitiquity of humanity |
|
|
Term
| What did Charles Darwin write? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Current Three Age system includes |
|
Definition
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age |
|
|
Term
| Who originally recognized the three age system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who officially proposed the Three Age System? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did CJ Thomsen use the Three Age System for? |
|
Definition
| interpretation in Danish National Museum |
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|
Term
| Stone Age was divided into what? |
|
Definition
| Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic |
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|
Term
| What three things make up the basis of modern archaeology? |
|
Definition
| antiquity of humanity, principle of evolution, three age system |
|
|
Term
| The Classical System focused on what as validation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Classical System used what as the source of archaeological investigation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who excavated Minoan palace? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of archaeology began to emerge through The Classical System? |
|
Definition
| Reconstructive archaeology |
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|
Term
| What did Edward Taylor and Lewis Henry Morgan come up with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the Classical System, archaeologists focused on chronology through what? |
|
Definition
| typological sequences/seriation |
|
|
Term
| What did Boaz do (America)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ordered artifacts based on similarity |
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|
Term
| Who paralleled Boaz in Europe? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was the Indiana Jones Era? |
|
Definition
| Late 19th and early 20th century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| argued for cultural ecology |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Idea that people interact with their environment at different levels |
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|
Term
| Why was the excavation at Viru Valley important? |
|
Definition
| First excavation that tried to make sense of what happened, not just to record |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| C14 dating. Absolute rather than relative |
|
|
Term
| What did Brothwell and Higgs write? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Science in Archaeology do? |
|
Definition
| Provided a science for exploring trade and diet |
|
|
Term
| What did Binford argue for? |
|
Definition
| positive approach to archaeological evidence (it can be used for something other than just description) |
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|
Term
| What did Binfords theory focus on? |
|
Definition
| functional processes, ecology |
|
|
Term
| What was post-processionalism an argument against? |
|
Definition
| an argument against processionalism |
|
|
Term
| Founders of post-processionalism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did post-processionalism argue? |
|
Definition
| individuality of experience |
|
|
Term
| Post-processionalism marked a period where archaeology was no longer what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what was Binford's theory called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four parts of a phase one survey? |
|
Definition
pre-excavation
ground survey
altitude-based survey
geophysical survey |
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Term
|
Definition
| document research, maps property, ect |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| pedestrian, shovel-test pit survey |
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|
Term
|
Definition
arial photography
satelliete imagery |
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Term
|
Definition
| resistivity, magnetrometry, geothermal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
placement of excavating units
advanced geophysical survey |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| More comprehensive excavation |
|
|
Term
| What resulted because of Processional Archaeology |
|
Definition
| archaeology with a research design in mind |
|
|
Term
| Four parts of Research Design |
|
Definition
Formulation
Collecting and Recording evidence
processing and analysis
Publication |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of sampling processes |
|
Definition
| random stratified,random symetric |
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Term
|
Definition
| random samples of each block (marsh, grass, ect) |
|
|
Term
| What are 5 things used in desk-based assessment? |
|
Definition
documentary evidence
dictation of documents
biblical archaeology
place-name evidence
site archives from previous excavations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two benefits of oral history? |
|
Definition
can provide framework of interpretation
encodes info that would otherwise be unavailable |
|
|
Term
| What is a benefit of using previous excavations? |
|
Definition
| Provides a base to continue excavating |
|
|
Term
| When was arial photography first used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What were the earliest methods of arial photography? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What did Father Poidebard do? |
|
Definition
| Identified syrian and roman sites using arial photography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| taken at oblique angle to see shadows and pits |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the basis of cropmarks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is one recent advantage to satellite imagery? |
|
Definition
| seeing in EM spectrum rather than just visible light |
|
|
Term
| field walking identifies what? |
|
Definition
| Features and artifact distributions |
|
|
Term
| What is one of the most common activities in Cultural Resource Management |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excavation of small hole to access stratigraphy and absence/presence of human activity in an area |
|
|
Term
| Shovel pit-test theory commonly uses what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distance between shovel pit-tests depends on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 methods of ground pounding |
|
Definition
surface detection
subsurface detection
remote/geophysical survey
chemical |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
probes/bore holes
shovel test-pit survey |
|
|
Term
| remote/geophysical survey |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| squares that an area is divided into |
|
|
Term
| 4 different types of remote survey |
|
Definition
visual
seismic/acoustic
geochemical
supernatural
electromagnetic |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| seismic is used greatly in which type of environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 5 types of electromagnetic detecting methods |
|
Definition
Geothermal
ground penetrating radar
resistivity
magnetrometry
metal detectors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a downside of acoustic? |
|
Definition
| You have to hit it, so you might break something |
|
|
Term
| What is an upside of acoustic? |
|
Definition
| Can build a composite map of subsurface features |
|
|
Term
| What type of imagery does GPR use? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shoot electricity into the ground and measure moisture |
|
|
Term
| Limitations to resistiveity |
|
Definition
limitations on where you can do it
hard to interpret data |
|
|
Term
| Site-based resistivity survey |
|
Definition
intervals set to relatively small distances
search for individual features |
|
|
Term
| Landscape resistivity survey |
|
Definition
larger distances between points
can show trends in landscapes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on variations in magnetic field |
|
|
Term
| Bad thing about magnetrometry? |
|
Definition
| hard to identify idividual features |
|
|
Term
| Metal detecting is best for wide scale or small scale survey? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Geochemical analysis looks for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how different sites relate to each other |
|
|
Term
| You must understand site formational processes before you can understand |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| approaches to evidence as the archaeological method |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a layer of material, naturally or artificially formed, often one of a number of parallel layers on top of each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce a relative chronology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant and animal life affect archaeology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physical forces freeze and thaw, puching rocks up |
|
|
Term
| Verticla stratigraphy shows us what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 types of site formation processes |
|
Definition
cultural formation processes
natural formation processes
tophonomy |
|
|
Term
| culutural formation process |
|
Definition
| what humans did to the site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
laws of burial
what happens to things underground |
|
|
Term
| Two parts of cultural formation processes? |
|
Definition
original behavior
post-depositional impact (ex graverobbing) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Systematic
allows horizontal and vertical
does not always provide ideal records
dig boxes, skip the lines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dig in specific spots
development of alternate recording strategies |
|
|
Term
| What is established before excavating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of grid is it normally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A grid is established off a what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trowel scrapes back to find |
|
Definition
| a change in stratagraphic mix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Natural stratigraphy excavation |
|
Definition
| scrape off one natural level at a time |
|
|
Term
| Two primary forms of archaeological field drawing |
|
Definition
profile (elevation/section)
sketch maps |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| pictures of the whole site put together to form one big map |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body of info that we will have afterwards and that we will pass onto future generations |
|
|
Term
| What is included in the site archive? |
|
Definition
stratigraphy sheet
drawn record
photogrpahic record
"meta sheets"
final report
daily journal
archaeological materials |
|
|
Term
| Post-excavation processing for artifacts |
|
Definition
| washing, drying,catalouging |
|
|
Term
| post-excavation processing for soil samples |
|
Definition
| water screening, drying, floatation,gradient sorting, picking, |
|
|
Term
| 4 reasons to study artifacts |
|
Definition
gives us an understanding of technology available
chronology
trade and exchange patterns
wider social and economic issues |
|
|
Term
| 4 reasons to study artifacts |
|
Definition
gives us an understanding of technology available
chronology
trade and exchange patterns
wider social and economic issues |
|
|
Term
| 4 reasons to study artifacts |
|
Definition
gives us an understanding of technology available
chronology
trade and exchange patterns
wider social and economic issues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things passed down from generation to generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things passed down from generation to generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| things passed down from generation to generation |
|
|
Term
| 5 levels of artifact analysis |
|
Definition
between sites
assemblage
category-can study across sites
micro
macro |
|
|
Term
| 5 levels of artifact analysis |
|
Definition
between sites
assemblage
category-can study across sites
micro
macro |
|
|
Term
| 5 levels of artifact analysis |
|
Definition
between sites
assemblage
category-can study across sites
micro
macro |
|
|
Term
| 5 categories of artifacts |
|
Definition
stone
ceramic
metal
glass
organic material |
|
|
Term
| 5 categories of artifacts |
|
Definition
stone
ceramic
metal
glass
organic material |
|
|
Term
| 5 categories of artifacts |
|
Definition
stone
ceramic
metal
glass
organic material |
|
|
Term
| 5 methods of stone manufacture |
|
Definition
flaking
abrading
pulverizing
cutting
splitting/cleaving |
|
|
Term
| 5 methods of stone manufacture |
|
Definition
flaking
abrading
pulverizing
cutting
splitting/cleaving |
|
|
Term
| 5 methods of stone manufacture |
|
Definition
flaking
abrading
pulverizing
cutting
splitting/cleaving |
|
|
Term
| three types of stone used for stone tools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three types of stone used for stone tools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three types of stone used for stone tools |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When struck, these stone produce what shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When struck, these stone produce what shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When struck, these stone produce what shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| banging rocks together to get it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| banging rocks together to get it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| banging rocks together to get it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| further developing the flakes (ex. serration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| further developing the flakes (ex. serration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| further developing the flakes (ex. serration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anvil
direct freehand
pressure
indirect pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anvil
direct freehand
pressure
indirect pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anvil
direct freehand
pressure
indirect pressure |
|
|
Term
| 4 methods of abrasive stone tool manufacture |
|
Definition
solid block abrasion
powdered abrasion
rocks that are unsuitable for flaking
can be used to make other tools/objects |
|
|
Term
| Why are ceramics studied often? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fired clay
primary (kaeolin)
residual (riverline) |
|
|
Term
| 6 ways of putting the pot together |
|
Definition
| pinching,throwing, coiling, slab building, pressmoulding, slip casing |
|
|
Term
| 4 ways of plastic molding |
|
Definition
| impressed, incised, excised, applied |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| domestic, bonfires, kilns,terracotta, earthenware, stoneware, porcelin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lead, soda/lime,potash, salt |
|
|
Term
| 3 huge benefits to ceramics |
|
Definition
been around for a long time
decorations can provide large amount of data
residual annalysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ground up from previous glass and ceramics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Originally a surface find
Early phase of bronze age (7.5-6 k years ago, earlier in AMerica)
Contains impurities (antimony, arsenic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Binary alloy w/ tin or arsenic (5.5kya)
Cold working, casting
Brass, casting brass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
More difficult to process (3kya)
Requires smelting, forging, pig iron |
|
|
Term
| 4 techniques to study artifacts |
|
Definition
microwear analysis
trace element analysis
isotope chemistry
biochemical analysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stone tool use, re-use, function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provenance, manufacture techniques |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provenance, diet, pollution, toxicology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood, lipids, proteins, ect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
13.5 kya (Upper Palaeolithic)
Percussion flakes
Arrangement of activities by function (individual knapping, collective processing).
E.g. dry hide scraping segregated from re-sharpening of tools. |
|
|
Term
| Unusual evironmentmental conditions for preservation: stratagraphic matrix |
|
Definition
Acid (degradation).
Copper (preservation).
Salt (preservation). |
|
|
Term
| Unusual evironmental conditions for preservation: climate |
|
Definition
Cold (preservation)
Dry (preservation)
Caves (micro-climate; preservation).
Tropical (high degradation)—World without Humanity.
Temperate (degradation—importance of local conditions, e.g. bog bodies).
Natural disasters (transformative!). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of cold environments |
|
Definition
o Permafrost-> Bersovka/Dima (mammoth)
o Nomads at Pazyrk
o Andes, Inca “mummies”
o Otzi
o Franklin expedition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o 6th-3rd century BCE Siberia
o Kurgans
o Ice Princess
o Tattooes
o Woolen carpets
o Clothing
o Animal carcasses/tack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Sir John Franklin, 1845
o Northwest passage
o Icebound
o All hands lost
o Scurvy and lead poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Found with kitchen sink
o Lots of artifacts
o Juxtaposition of technological materials
o 5.3 mya ago |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tolland man
lindow man
grauballe man |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o 4th century BC
o Jutland penn
o 4th century BC
o Pointed skull cap
o Stomach contents
o Hide belt
o Garotte |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Stratigraphy- 1st century Roman or Iron Age with carbon dating
o Ate charred bread |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o 3rd century BC Jutland Penn
o Throat cut
o Periods of starvation
o No hard labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Dated 2050-2049 BC
o Ring of 54 pylons
o Excarnation?
o Gradual washing away? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Sealed burials, lead coffins
o Embalmed
o Underwear
o Supernatural?
o Cryogenics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the placement of things into a series to produce an ordered sequence from older to younger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Before christ, after death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lowercase letters indicate |
|
Definition
| un-calibrated radiocarbon dates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| calibrated/uncalibrated radiocarbon dates |
|
|
Term
| 7 methods of relative dating |
|
Definition
stratigraphy
genetic dating
linguistic dating
pollen and ice/deep sea cores
fossil/biostratigraphy
Typology
seriation
FUN |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common of relative dating? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Law of Original Horizontality |
|
Definition
| Unconsolidated deposits will tend towards a horizontal position |
|
|
Term
| Law of Original COntinuity |
|
Definition
| A stratum will be bounded by a feather-edge or bounded by a basin of deposition. |
|
|
Term
| Law of Stratigrpahic Succession |
|
Definition
| An archaeological deposits position in a matrix is determined by its physical relationship to overlying and underlying deposits. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “limit after which” (earliest) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| “limit before which” (latest) |
|
|
Term
| Linguistic dating is not applied to atrifacts unless |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| try to figure out how long ago two languages separated |
|
|
Term
| 1000 years equals what percent difference? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 steps of the appearence of language? |
|
Definition
| colonization, divergence, convergence,replacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Variations in mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome haplotypes. |
|
|
Term
| What hypothesis is supported by genetic dating |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| New world origins: Linguistic evidence |
|
Definition
(3 migrations; most thought more because of 1000 languages spoken by American Indians.
Amerind, NaDene (Siberia)… 20 kya+ & 16-5 kya
Aleut-Eskimo… 5 kya |
|
|
Term
| New World Origins: Genetic evidence |
|
Definition
Andrew Merriwether… single population group because mtDNA haplogroups (A, B, C, D) present everywherelinguistic/cultural diversification.
Early date of entry (25-20 kya), then subsequent re-entry (NaDene, Aleut-Eskima) after glacial maximum.
“Native American Adam” 85% Native American Indian males |
|
|
Term
| Where is pollen preserved? |
|
Definition
| bogs, lake sediments, other archaeological contexts (e.g. under anthropogenically-deposited rocks!). |
|
|
Term
| Comparison of pollen samples to a given site can give an understanding of: |
|
Definition
Local conditions (site).
Approximate date (c.f. region). |
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|
Term
| How can deep sea/ice core dating be used as absolute? |
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Definition
| Absolute dating of foraminifera. |
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Term
| What are the three things done by ice cores |
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Definition
Natural/human—natural disasters.
Human—silver mining.
Principally of use to us for reconstructing past environments (later lecture). |
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Term
| Fossil/biostratigraphy dating |
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Definition
| Presence of a given variation/species can approximately date the site |
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Term
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Definition
| Ordering of artefacts into similar categories, then decorative styles, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| collagen degrades, thus nitrogen % decreases at a rate dependent on burial environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ground water percolates through the bone, thus depositing uranium |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 9 absolute dating techniques |
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Definition
Historic Chronologies
Dendochronology
Varbes
Radiocarbon (C14)
Thermoluminescence
Electron-spin Resonance
Potassium-Argon
Uranium-series
Fission-track |
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