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| Mediterranean/Near east cultures. Complex socities |
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On cultures from around the world
Wide range of simple to complex societies |
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| Subdivisions of Anthropology |
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| Archaeology, social or ethnology, and Biological |
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| The time period prior to written records |
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| Primary way to learn about prehistoric societies |
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| Anthropological objectives for archaeology |
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| How people lived in the past, why cultures changed over time |
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| Late 18th century it was popular to collect ancient objects. People loved the classics and it complemented it and showed wealth to obtain them |
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| Napoleon's archaeology team, and Museum |
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| Baron Dominique Vivant, first director of the Musee Napoleon, later to be the louvre |
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| Translated egytpian stupid language, found in 1799 in nile river delta |
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| Collected by the 7th earl of Elgin, removed from the Acropolis by ruling ottoman turks |
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| Elgin Marbles Controversy |
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| Stolen by ruling ottoman turks from the acropolis in Greece. Payed for by public taxes. Greece gained independance in 1832 and wanted them back. Britain still has them |
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Stone - Bronze - Iron
an early attempt to classify European antiquities |
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| Significance of three age system |
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| First sytematic classification scheme, first demonstration of stylistic differences, it could be tested |
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Paleolithic- old stone age
Neolithic- New stone age |
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| Old and new stone ages (tools) |
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Paleolithic tools were made by chipping off flakes
neolithic tools were made by chipping and grinding |
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| Noticed the significance of mounds made by native americans. |
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| TJ's work was distinguished by |
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| Excavation, Careful field procedures, problem-oriented work |
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| Why were bones in mounds? |
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Study of decaying organisms over time and how things preserve. Jefferson expected such a thing to exist after he found that there were few infant bones in the mounds and wondered why
Also the study of the remains of bones, like bite marks, and how a body is scattered |
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| First guy to care about how people lived not just artifacts, emphasized past economies. Thought cultural stages should be classified according to how people live |
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| V gordan childe Identified 2 turning points |
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| Neolithic Revolution, urban revolution |
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| New Archaeology (Processual) |
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| Methodical advances in the field and laboratory. Statistical evaluation, computers, flotation. |
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| Irreplaceable, finite, an important part of collective heritage |
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| Provided protection of historic and prehistoric ruins and monuments on federal land. Secretaries of the interior, agriculture, and war could authorize. President was allowed to declare areas of public land national monuments |
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| Franklin D Roosevelt's. Made jobs for a lotta people. work started in 1933 and continued to 1942 |
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| Purpose of New Deal projects |
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| Put people to work during depression. Motivated to salvage sites. |
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| Contributions due to New Deal |
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| Prehistoric data of south, improved field methods, more professional discipline from then on. Proved large crews could be put to work for long periods to excavate big sites. |
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| Archaeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974 |
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| You become responsible for destruction of cultural resources |
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| COnditions that affect preservation |
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| Moisture, temperature. Soil acidity, |
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| Enviroments that are good at preserving |
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| Dry, Cold(organic matter, leather, textiles etc..) Water logged (bog) are favorable for organic materials. |
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| They inhibit bacterial growth, and promote tanning of skin and organ preservation |
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| Bog body from Denmark. Embedded in peat bog 2300 years old |
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| Bog body, from Denmark, intestines still had food in them. 2400 years old |
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| Soil that is bad for preservation |
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| Acidic soil dissolves bone matter |
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| Thick layers of deposited material, or debris. |
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| Why are archaeological samples biased? |
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| Not everything has an equal chance of being spotted, remaining where deposited, surviving to the present, being found at all, being kept. Or a site may not be picked for excavation at all |
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| Why is the work being done, not necesarily how its gonna get done |
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| Identify the question, specification of variables, kinds/amounts of data to be gathered, sampling strategies, recording methods, analysis methods |
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| Pedestrian Survey, walking fields. Aerial surveys, looking for dark spots in fields. Asking locals for information |
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| Comprehensive, fractional. its rare to survey the entire project area |
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| Nonprobabilistic, probabilistic, areas chosen by intuition, areas chosen by fixed procedure (respectively) |
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| Probablistic survey procedures |
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| Define research universe, determine number, size and shape of sampling unites, determine how sampling is to be done. Random, systematic, stratified |
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| Establish a grid system, map the site, identify subsurface deposits, conduct controlled excavation |
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| Either water is dammed and dry excavated, or divers are sent down |
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| using stupid tables like the one we used in lab to determine the time period of something by data trends |
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| determining age of artifact by comparing it to something else |
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| using scientific methods to determine the correct age within a small time frame |
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| Studied native american anthropoloigy in the american midwest/west |
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| study of rock layers and layering. used for determining phases of activity |
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