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Definition
Queen of Castile/Aragon
Instituted Spanish Inquistion
Supported Columbus
1451-1504 |
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Definition
King of Aragon/Castile
Defeated Granda; unified Spain
Supported Columbus
1451-1504 |
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Definition
Spanish Explorer
Sailed in 1492 to the New World trying to prove the world was round by getting to Asia
1451-1506 |
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Definition
Portuguese prince
organized many explorations, African Coast
1394-1460 |
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Definition
Italian merchant/explorer
Reached Venezuela in 1500 and explored Brazil in 1501
Base for the name "America"
1451-1512 |
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Definition
| First of the conquistadors; overthrew Aztecs (Montezuma) in Tenochtitlán in 1519. |
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Definition
Aztec Emperor
Welcomed the Conquistadors, but was defeated when they were overthrown.
1466-1520 |
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Definition
Spanish Dominican Priest
Opposed the poor treatment of Indians; firsthand witness
Advocated to King Charles V (Holy R. Emperor) for rights for the Indians
Also supported good treatment of Africans
1484-1566 |
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Definition
German theologian; Preached justification by faith instead of works. Opposed indulgences and papal infallibility
1483-1546 |
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Definition
| the recapturing of spain, kicking out the moors. Initiated by Isabella and Ferdinand |
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Definition
Treaty made by the Pope
East of the Canary Islands was Portugal's, West was Spain. It was defied by the Spanish Explorers, but no one really cared.
1494 |
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Definition
| Sea passage along coast of N. America through Canadian Arctic. Atlantic to Pacific. |
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Definition
| the exchange of plants, animals and disease between America and England. Launched by Columbus' first voyage in 1492 |
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| Spanish explorers in the new world. 16th century. |
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Definition
Settlement in North and Central America, centered around modern day Mexico City.
1535 |
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Definition
| The king and queen get a fifth of whatever the conquistadors conquer. |
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Definition
| Permission from Spanish monarchy to demand tribute and labor from Indians |
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Definition
| requirement for a certain amount of time of labor forced upon Indians in New Spain |
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Definition
| Born in the new world to Spanish parents |
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Definition
| Half Spanish, half Indian 4-5% of population |
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Definition
Medicine man named Popé is whipped for practicing witchcraft in New Mexico, so the whole Pueblo revolts and has a 3 day battle against the Spanish, drove then to El Paso
1680 |
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Definition
Martin Luther's idea of redemption. (You don't need to physically make up for your sins, as long as you believe you will be saved)
Started Protestant Reformation
1517 |
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Definition
| Colony off the coast of North Carolina. John White left 100 settlers there in 1587, went back for supplies but returned to find no one, only the word 'croatoan' carved into a tree. No one knows what happened or what that means |
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Definition
Arrived in New World in 1607, took leadership of settlers
Captured by Powhatan, was 'saved' by 11 year old Pocahontas in a initiation ceremony
1580-1631 |
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Definition
Chief of Algonquian tribe (confederacy) in early 17th century, time of Chesapeake settlers.
1545-1618 |
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Definition
Chief of Algonquian tribe (confederacy) in early 17th century, time of Chesapeake settlers.
1545-1618 |
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Definition
Powhatan's daughter
'Saved' John Smith in 1607 in ceremony
Married John Rolfe in 1614 after being taken hostage by the English
1695-1617 |
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Term
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Definition
Husband of Pocahontas. Credited with first successful tobacco planting in 1612
1585–1622 |
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Term
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Definition
Broke treaty of Tordesillas by encroaching on edge of Spain's area (New World).
Granted 6 million acres to settlers. licsense to poach on spanish claims and Powhatan claims
1606 |
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Definition
Governer of VA, appointed by King Charles I
Protected Indians which caused revolt in 1676
Got recalled to England by Charles II |
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Term
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Definition
Colonist of VA colony. Felt elite farmers were favored in government, and Indians were too protected. 1676
Got voted into office and changed all the laws to support local farmers and encroach on Indian land
Fought Indians and sacked grandee's farms
Died and rebellion was lost
1640s-1676 |
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Term
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Definition
| Indians of New Spain that were being forced into labor, and religious conversion in 17th century |
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Term
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Definition
| Granted a charter to South Carolina to John Colleton (Barbadian) who hoped to attract Barbadian farmers to grow new crops. |
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Definition
Joint Stock Company that established colony in North America in order to benefit England economically. (previously known as the London Company)
17th century |
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Definition
| Establishing colonies in the Americas: in New Mexico, Chesapeake, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| First permanent English settlement in the U.S. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1624, James revoked the charter and made Virgina under royal governing. (could pretty much control them). lasted til 1776 |
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Term
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Definition
| House of representatives. Inaugurated before Royal Colony stuff, after that laws had to be approved from Royalty, and now all free men could vote for reps |
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Term
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Definition
| Main export crop in VA. Evenutally got cheap, but took a lot of labor/laborers to produce. pretty much the only export |
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Definition
| Paying passage automatically gets you 50 acres of free land. If you took on an indentured servant, you get 50 more acres...except eventually you run out of land. Given to encourage settlement by VA company, and later Royal government |
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Definition
| Colonist could pay your travel expense, and you would sign on for # of years of service. A lot worse than it sounded, but eventually could become free. Eventually they ran out of people wanting to come over.Gradual switch to slavery |
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Definition
| Farmers who owned small plot of land, sufficient enough, largely worked by servants/family. Average dude. IN CHESAPEAKE |
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Term
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Definition
1650 and 1651
specified that English goods were to be transported by predominately English crews
1660--only to English ports
1663--goods sent to the colonies go through English ports, manned by English, in English Ships |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that the sucess of country depends on capital, and that the amount of capital in the world is unchangable (biggest slice of the ungrowing pie) |
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Term
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Definition
elt elite farmers were favored in government, and Indians were too protected. 1676
Got voted into office and changed all the laws to support local farmers and encroach on Indian land
Fought Indians and sacked grandee's farms
Leader N. Bacon died and rebellion was lost
1640s-1676 |
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Term
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Definition
Clergyman believing that Indians shouldn’t be forced into religion and God made everyone equal and allowed to live according to their conscience. Banished from MA. Founded Rhode Island. Providence (1636) was an escape from persecution. President 1654-7
four ways forcing people to convert was unholy 1.dead man to feast 2.mingling holy and unholy 3.gov had no business in church ‘spiritual rape’ 4. Gov. should be tolerant. Only God knows truth |
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Definition
| Had 6 wives, first divorced was opposed by church so he outlawed the Catholic Church and was in charge of the Church of England. 1509-47 |
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Term
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Definition
| Reestablishes Protestantism after Mary tried to undo it. Tries to put C.O.E (church of England) in between extremes of Protestant and Catholic. 1558-1603 (reign) |
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Term
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Definition
| Authorizes translation of the Bible. Unsympathetic to Puritans. |
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Term
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Definition
Upheld James’ move away from Puritan reform ideas. Puritan Parliament ordered his beheading. 1625-1649
Puritan Rebellion |
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Term
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Definition
| English general/lord protector of Commonwealth. Leads Puritans to victory in English Civil War. |
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Term
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Definition
| Big Catholic who tried to fill government posts with Catholics. Caused some unrest, so the Protestants in the Parliament gave the throne to William of Orange (James’ nephew). 1688 James fled to France. The “Glorious Revolution” followed |
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Definition
| Led a group of rebels to seize the royal governor in 1689 to reestablish charter government for over a year. 1689 |
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Definition
| William III and Mary II more or less bloodlessly reinstalled Protestant Influence in England. New of revolution in America caused some uprisings (see Jacob Leisler) 1689 |
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Definition
| Separatists (Against C.O.E.). got land grant in Virginia but landed too far north. So they drew up Mayflower compact pledging to form a civil body politic. Got along well with Indians, but were a precarious colony. Investors got annoyed that they were making no money, but they persisted and became permanent in 1630 |
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Term
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Definition
| Leader of the pilgrims. Governor of Plymouth Colony sporadically 1621-1656 |
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Definition
| 1st Governor of MA bay colony. 1630-49. Puritan. Land was unclaimed by Indians so they had rights to it if they left some for the Indians. Banished Roger Williams |
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Term
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Definition
| French Theologist. Strict discipline. Predestination (God knows ahead of time). But you still have to live holy lives because then it’s a sign that you are a chosen one. |
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Term
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Definition
| People who led holy lives were more likely to be chosen Saints because of the signs they showed. Puritan. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gave biweekly lectures on the sermons, believed humans can’t influence God. (John Cotton). Freaked out Winthrop, got interrogated in 1637, antinomian. Got excommunicated. |
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Term
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Definition
| believed in justification by faith and that while it was important to be a good person, it was not necessary to follow the laws of God the way the colony leaders interpreted them. |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious Society of Friends. Peaceful principles. Rejected formal ministry because of the doctrine of “inner light”, Christ working in the soul. Came to MA in 1656. Not too well liked. Against everything Puritans believed. |
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Term
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Definition
| Founder of Pennsylvania. Was imprisoned four times for his Quaker writings. Pennsylvania was a sanctuary for Quakers/nonconformists. But was still buddies with Charles II. |
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Term
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Definition
| Puritanism: the primary religion of New England. Regarded reformation as incomplete. Believed in visible saints, God’s plan, etc. very censorious. |
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Term
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Definition
| Began with Martin Luther’s 95 theses. Reforming abuses in Roman Catholic Church and established Reformed/Protestant Churches. Going back and forth between Catholic supporters and Prot. Ref. supporters in Monarchy. 16th Century |
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Term
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Definition
| Henry VIII breaking away from Catholic Church and controlling the whole C.O.E. caused lots of turmoil |
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Term
| Church of England/Anglicanism |
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Definition
| English branch of Western Christian Church. Combines Catholic and Protestant traditions. Rejects pope. Has Monarch as head. |
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Term
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Definition
| Separating from the Church of England. Its what the pilgrims did. They thought it was too corrupt and stuff. |
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Term
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Definition
| a compact made by the pilgrims that basically said they would work to form a body politic and gave them right to the land that they accidentally landed on. mid 1600s |
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Term
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Definition
| Southeast MA. Site of Pilgrim colony in 1620. Earliest permanents settlement in NEW ENGLAND |
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Term
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Definition
| Grant written by country’s legislator. Basically legal claim to land in the New World. Also allowed self government |
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Term
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Definition
| Puritan Colony. Bad time to be a Puritan in England, Parliament was just dissolved. 11 ships came over.1630. charter company. Very strict |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that God already knows who gets to be saved and who doesn’t. part of Calvinism in the 1630s |
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Term
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Definition
| The group meeting deciding on the laws for Puritan New England. Eventually all freemen (church members, not just stockholders) could vote |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of inhabitants and freemen. Chose selectmen and officials. Puritan New England. Almost all free men could speak out and be heard. Unless they were ‘contrary minded’ |
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Term
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Definition
| being saved by God on the basis of faith or living a good life, respectively. Puritans believed the latter while many rebels such as Anne Hutchinson and John Cotton believed the former. (as did Martin Luther). Puritan New England, mid 17th century. |
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Term
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Definition
| Led by Oliver Cromwell. Overthrew Charles I and executing him in 1649. The result of civil war in England. For 11 years after, leaders were supportive Puritans. Slowed the stream of immigrants to New England. Prices went up for English goods, but the fishing trade opened up. |
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Term
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Definition
| unconverted children of saints. Baptize infants, can’t get communion or vote. Huge controversy. |
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Term
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Definition
| First large scale war in American colonies. Indians vs. New England. Very bloody. Caused crown to revoke charter. 1675-77 |
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Term
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Definition
| Grouped together colonies north of Maryland to be governed by Sir Edward Andros. Invalidated all land titles. Rebelled but it was short lived. Pretty soon they were under royal rule again, but it protected them from Indians and the French. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tradesman in colonial era. wrote Pennsylvania Gazette in 1728, and Poor Richards Almanac in 1733. Obviously got a lot bigger in politics later. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dominated fur trade in Eastern Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Valley in late 1700s. viciously defended their territory |
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Term
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Definition
| Germans (not dutch) in the middle colonies in the 1770s. They called themselves Deutsch to describe themselves. made up a huge part of middle colonies. came from southwest germany. enticed other germans to come. source of labor. middle class. |
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Term
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Definition
| folks from Scotland, northern Ireland and Northern England. Usually indentured servants because they were poor and coming alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| like indentured servants (usually german) but had to usually only serve 4 years. they could bargain with ther masters about service time. |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in the british movement for abolition of slavery. Wrote an autobiography about his horrible experience as a slave |
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Term
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Definition
| Preacher during the Great Awakening. Basically tried to terrify people into religion by preaching about sin and vengence. 1703-58 |
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Term
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Definition
| Preacher during Great Awakening. very persuasive preacher. mid 18th century |
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Term
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Definition
| Creek and Yamasee Indians (encouraged by French) attacked South Carolinian colonists (conflict over fur trade because of the complexity of the system) and Cherokees didn't want to help them b/c they were enemies of the Creek Indians, so they allied with S.C. and helped murderously rampage the other side. 1715 |
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Definition
| Fought against Cherokee/south Carolina colonists in Yamasee War 1715 |
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Term
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Definition
| Fought against the Creek Indians in Yamasee War in 1715 |
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Term
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Definition
| Written by Benjamin Franklin, it was an almanac with seasonal observations and mostly helpful hints and sayings about how to be productive. sold a ton of copies 1732-58. written under pseudonym of Richard Saunders. |
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Term
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Definition
| the journey by sea taken by slaves being traded from West Africa to West Indies. 18th c. |
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Term
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Definition
| The preference of slaves from certain areas of Africa by colonists. helped with slaves forming their own little culture. 18th c. |
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Term
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Definition
| About 20 slaves got together and rebelled, killing and burning a bunch of people in Stono, SC. Whites suppressed the rebellion and put the heads of the slaves they caught on poles. 1739. showed that 18th c. slaves had no chance at overturning slavery |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain area of ground to be worked on, a system given so that slaves had a quantified work assignment. but that way they could finish up early and have the rest of the day to do whatever. did what they could to repress greater assignments. 18th c |
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Term
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Definition
| The attempt at religious revival in the 18th century. George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards |
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Term
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Definition
| Official established church in New England, residents paid taxes for support. Splintered from Puritanism into congregationalism in 18th c |
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Term
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Definition
| Thinkers in 18th c. who agreed that science and nature could disclose the laws of God in the natural order. Study the world around them |
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that it is acceptable to believe in a higher being based on reason but not one that intervenes with humankind. |
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Term
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Definition
North American war (1754–63) between France and Great Britain.
France's Canadian colonies and American Indian allies were pitted against Britain and its American colonies. The beginning of these hostilities became the prelude to and major cause of the Seven Years' War and marked the onset of George Washington's rise to prominence. The conflict ended with the Treaty of Paris; Britain won nearly all of French North America. |
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Term
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Definition
| Royal Governer of MA in 1771, 5th gen. american. in the 2 decades leading up to revolution, tried to align colonial/british interests, tried to unify colonies (albany plan). |
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Term
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Definition
| Went to warn French that they were on VA territory (1753) Then appointed a small military expedition to go assert claim/defend land if need be. Detached group of men startled French/someone started firing. 14 french killed |
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Term
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Definition
| Prime minister in 1755, turned 7 years war around by paying colonists to raise/equip soldiers. lots of attacks and whatnot but America finally won |
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Term
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Definition
| 1760 came to throne; tutor=earl of Bute, made the choice to keep an army in the colonies to keep the peace between Indians and Colonists |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 months after Treaty of Paris, chief of Ottawa tribe attacked British forts across Ohio Valley, 2,000 colonists were killed |
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Term
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Definition
| Young political newcomer. Had resolutions for Stamp Act, which he opposed. VA were British citizens, same privileges/rights, self taxation was one of those rights. They always had taxed themselves.VA assembly only had the right to tax themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Us patriot. Leader of Boston Tea party in 1773. Pre Revolution anti British activist. signed declaration of Independence |
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Term
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Definition
| people during American Revolution (soldiers) who were prepared to fight at a minutes notice. (18th c) |
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Term
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Definition
| Silversmith who rode from Boston to Lexington to warn of the British coming. 1775 |
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Term
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Definition
| Royal governer of VA. took a bunch of gunpowder and put in on a ship to keep it away from frenzied colonists. also threatened to arm slaves to ward off attacks from colonists. In 1775, issued proclamation to slaves who would fight for British. had no intention of actually liberating slaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by VA in 1747 in Ohio in the same area as the French. Had a land grant from British King. French started building forts to keep them back. |
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Term
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Definition
| trade alliance between Mohawk indians and New York leaders established in 1692. Tried to repair relations in 1753 after being accused of breaking it, so that the Mohawks would join in effort to fight the french |
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Term
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Definition
| The plan suggested by Ben Franklin to have one government for all the colonies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Treaty signed in 1783 to end the American revolutionary war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proclamation made by King George III, decision to keep standing army in the colonies to improve Indian relations |
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Term
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Definition
| Tax on molasses instated by George Grenville. regulate trade and raise money. caused a lot of smuggling. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to Sugar Act. Tax on official paper. Administered by Americans to avoid hostility, but tey still didn't like it. Lots of rebellion |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that colonists are represented virtually in the Parliament (Grenvilles idea) not all agreed |
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Term
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Definition
| VA were British citizens, same privileges/rights, self taxation was one of those rights. They always had taxed themselves.VA assembly only had the right to tax themselves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Boycotted the stamp act. and everything else. |
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Term
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Definition
| Group of 27 delegates that met and wrote a letter to the Parliament arguing against the Stamp Act and Virtual represtation |
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Term
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Definition
| After Stamp act repealed in 1766, it asserted Parliaments right to legislate for colonies in all cases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Taxes of tea, glass, lead, paper, etc. the idea of taxing pissed people off. |
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Term
| Nonconsumption agreements |
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Definition
| people not consuming to protest tax. (Twonshend duties) |
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Term
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Definition
| Not importing stuff to protest tax on townshend duties. |
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Term
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Definition
| nonconsumption. basically protesting silently protesting. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1770, a bunch of civilians were throwing snowballs at the soldiers, and someone yelled fire, so they started firing. Three civilians were killed at the scene of the shooting, eleven were injured, and two died after the incident. |
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Term
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Definition
Punishment for Boston Tea party in 1773:
1.closed boston harbor until tea was paid for
2.altered charter, giving parliament more power
3.royal officials have to be tried in london when accused of crime
4.permitted soldiers to be lodged wherever. even in houses. |
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Term
| committees of correspondence |
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Definition
| A way of pass knowledge and news throughout colonies about rebelling in stuff prior to revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| dumping tea in the boston harbor to protest tax on tea. in 1773 |
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Term
| first continetal congress |
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Definition
| Statesmen from every colony assembled in Philly in 1774. articulate liberties as british subjects and debated responses to coercive acts. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1774. association that enforces boycott against british goods |
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Term
| Committees of public safety |
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Definition
| Little branches of Continental association in little towns. actual enforcing. (American Revolution) |
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Term
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Definition
| Moderate member of 2nd continental congress. hesitant about revolution. worried that declaration on causes and necessity...arms would offend british, was allowed to rewrite it but kept it similar. late 18th c. |
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Term
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Definition
| Radical on idea of independence. Wrote first draft of Declaration on the causes...arms |
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Term
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Definition
| 1776 Wrote "common sense", a work describing why monarchy was wrong and what their government should be like. American Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| John Adams's wife. impatient for revolution and other changes. wanted women to have more rights as a result of Revolution. Didn't like husband dominion over wives. Even not certain about slavery |
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Term
| Camp Followers**double check** |
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Definition
| Locals who helped out with Revolutionary War. women were very patriotic, "ladies association" collected money for soldiers. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Led trek from Maine to Quebec, many men died. Heroic, but body count was wayyy high. Tried to sell West Point Victory to British. hugeeee deal. |
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Term
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Definition
| eighteenth-century German regiments hired through their rulers by the British Empire. Though used in several conflicts, they are most widely associated with combat operations in the American Revolutionary War. |
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Term
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Definition
| term for British soldiers due to their bright red uniforms |
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Term
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Definition
| American Colonists that supported British side during Revolution (late 18th c) |
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Term
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Definition
people who vigorously supports their country and is prepared to defend it against enemies or detractors.
American Revolution |
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Term
| Battles of Lexington and Concord |
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Definition
| first military engagements of American Revolutionary War. Marked outbreak of fighting between Kingdom of Britain and 13 colonies of America |
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Term
| Second Continental Congress |
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Definition
| Group of delegates deciding how to break with Britain, how to build their military, etc. basically forming a government. American Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| Army created for American Revolution. Not very disciplined, but great enthusiasm. led by George Washington at points in time |
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Term
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Definition
| Battle in American Revolution that British "won" but lost so many men it hurt them more than the Americans. |
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Term
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Definition
| Continental congress trying to reconcile with King, but wanted al their rights. King said no. American Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| the book written by Thomas Paine outlining why monarchies were bad and what their new government should entail. |
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Term
| Declaration of Independence. |
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Definition
| a document declaring the U.S. to be independent of the British Crown, signed on July 4, 1776, by the congressional representatives of the Thirteen Colonies, including Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams. |
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Term
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Definition
| either of two battles fought in 1777 (September 19 and October 7) during the American Revolution, near the modern city of Saratoga Springs, New York. The defeat of the British in both battles is conventionally regarded as the turning point in the war in favor of the American side |
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Term
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Definition
| The Battle of Trenton took place on December 26, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, after George Washington crossed the Delaware River north of Trenton, New Jersey. The hazardous crossing in adverse weather made it possible for Washington to lead the main body of the Continental Army against Hessian soldiers garrisoned at Trenton. After a brief battle, nearly the entire Hessian force was captured, with negligible losses to the Americans. The battle significantly boosted the Continental Army's flagging morale, and inspired re-enlistments. |
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Term
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Definition
| the site on the Schuylkill River in Pennsylvania, about 20 miles (32 km) northwest of Philadelphia, where George Washington's Continental Army spent the winter of 1777–78 in conditions of extreme hardship during the American Revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| the US allied with the french, only if they swore to be independent from britain, not just get rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| british started attacking from the south up (american revolution) but they were defeated in Virginia. |
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Term
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Definition
| the end of the Revolutionary war. We won because of the french. |
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Term
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Definition
| treaty signed by king, ended revolutionary war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Represented VA in continental congress. Thought the Articles of Confederation needed fixing, and the Constitution was the result. Founding father |
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| First United States Secretary of Treasury. He was a founding father. Represented New York |
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| (1735–1826), 2nd president of the U.S. 1797–1801. A Massachusetts Federalist, he was a delegate to the Continental Congress 1774–78 and helped draft the Declaration of Independence in 1776. With John Jay and Benjamin Franklin, he negotiated the Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolution in 1783. |
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| Leader of Shay's rebellion. where farmers protested against taxation in MA. They even brought in an army to cam them down/arrested everyone. 1780 |
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| Those in favor of the Constitution |
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| those againts the constitution, saying it was too distant to have a central gov. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| Written document outlining the power of congress in 1777. required nine states to declare war, 7 to change simple laws. all to amend the articles. |
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| the idea of running a republic. |
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| List of liberties that the people have. Each state has a separate bill. |
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| the right to vote in political elections. |
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| the slow movement to free slaves. some states had different policies than others |
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| Laws that eased legal restrictions to allow individual acts of emancipation to adults under 45. Delaware, Maryland, Virginia. |
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| the unclaimed western land in america. claimed under Northwest Ordinance |
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| Thomas Jefferson's way of organizing the territory in the west. He used nice little squares. |
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| The convention where they revised the articles of confederation but they ended up with the constitution. |
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| the plan that states got representation based on how big their state was. 1787 |
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| The suggestion that each state had equal vote. 1787 |
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How they resolved the Virginia vs. New Jersey plan.
It proposed a bicameral legislature, resulting in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives. (senate: 2 per state. House: proportional) |
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| the idea that slaves only counted as 3/5 of a person when counting population. (as a base for proportions for respresentation) |
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| Written works explaining why the constitution was awesome. |
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| a statement in the U.S. Constitution (Article I, Section 8) granting Congress the power to pass all laws necessary and proper for carrying out the enumerated list of powers. |
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| making sure one person or group in government doesn't have more power than the other. |
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| the way the different branches of government (executive, judicial and legislative) have power in different places |
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| referring to ratifying the constitution (accepting the new form of it) federalists worked to get states to accept it, and finally got enough. NC and RI came around later. |
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| English woman who published " a vindication of the rights of woman" in 1792. Argued intellectual equality of sexes, economic independence, and participation in representative gov. for women |
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| MA writer who published a series of essays that advocated the education of women as a means of making them rational, confident and near equals to men. used the idea of republican motherhood, which was that educated mothers were necessary to produce good citizens |
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| first 10 amendments to constitution drafted by james madison. ratified in 1791. guarentee freedom of speech press and religion and limit federal power. passage of bill of rights alarmed many antifederalists. |
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| Yale Graduate who developed cotton gin. made it possible for inland areas to profitably produce cotton |
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| incorporation of states war debts into federal debt. proposed by A. Hamilton in his report on public credit. would add $25 million to federal debt. consolidated poewr over states. |
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| key element of A. Hamiltions plan. bank modeled on bank of England. he expected 80% of capital to com from private investors and 20% federal gov. |
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| Hamiltonian proposal, not approved by congress. Wanted fed. gov. to grant subsidies to manufacturers and impose tariffs on imports with the goal of strenthening domestic manufacturing and reducing dependence on British imports |
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| report issued by hamilton, secretary of treasury, advocated drawing out the repayment of national debt despite economic improvements. wanted to issue bonds that inject money into the economy and give wealthy folks a financial stake in gov. |
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| the idea that women needed to be educated because they were responsible for educating the upcoming generations and making them good people |
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| Conflict in PA in 1794 after Hamilton had congress put 25% tax on whiskey to be paid when farmers delivered grain to make it. 7,000 planned to march in Pitt, and Washington sent an army to stop it, but everyone had dispersed by then |
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| Location of 1st/only capital of US. 1788 constitution specified that capital should be square district, no more than 10 miles on a side. Congress had sole jurisdiction. agreed to put it on Potomac River in exhange for southern votes for assumption plan. |
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| Debt to finance Rev. War, accumulated by the confederation through borrowing from private sources and printing money not backed by reserves. Although new constitution addressed problem of giving fed. gov. power to tax, they didn't really solve it. |
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| Leader of Hatian Slaves who formed an alliance with Spain and occupied the northern regions of the island during the hatian Rev. |
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| Complex revolution that broke out in 1791 in French Sait Domingue, antimonarchial rev. led by whites, turned into slave revolt involving French, Spanish and British in 1793. |
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| An effort to address conflicts between US and Britain, including Brit. capture of American vessles trading in west indies. Joh jays treaty in 1975 was more generous to Britain, so it was unpopular in US |
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| Washingtons 1793 decl. of American neutrality in war between britain and france. since america traded with French in indies, it was undercut. didnt protect us from british harassment |
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| 1795 treaty between US and dozen+ indian trives that followed battle of fallen timbers. Indians ceded most of Ohio in exhnage for American goods such as liquor and blankets worth $25,000 |
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| Anthony "mad anthony " Wayne |
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| Military leader from PA, commanded forces in ohio. led 35,000 men who won a decisive victory over the confederated indians in battle of fallen timbers in 1794 |
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| One of rival parties that emerged in 1790s. generally sympathetic towards british, supportive of commerce and wary of excess democracy |
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| not federalists. supported france, agrarians and aware of tyranny |
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| Attempt on the part of the french to demand a bribe and loan from american gov in return for a peace treaty and an end to french seizure of ships. huge anti french backlash in US |
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| federalist dominated congress led the us into an undeclared war against france. intensified antagonism between federalists and republicans at home |
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| four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress during an undeclared naval war with France, later known as the Quasi-War. They were signed into law by President John Adams. Proponents claimed the acts were designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to prevent seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic-Republicans, like later historians, denominated them as being both unconstitutional and designed to stifle criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800. |
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| Virginia and Kentucky resolutions |
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| condemned the Alien and Sedition acts in 1798. tested the idea that state legistlatures could judge the constitutionality of federal laws and nullify those in conflict with bill of rights |
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| Shawnee chief in ohio country. responded to loss of indian land by rejecting assimilation and cllng fora return to ancient ways. developed pan indian confederacy to fight american troops during war of 1812 |
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| Tecumseh's little brother who helped out with cause |
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| Republican president of US from 1801 to 1809. presided over louisiana purchase, lewis and clarks exploration and "precarious relations with Britain and France". limited size of federal government and displayed modest simplicity in affairs of state |
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| NY senator who got same # of electoral votes as T. Jefferson in 1800 election. forced federalist dominated house to determine outcome of election. jeff prevailed after 36 ballots |
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| Conspiracy of VA slaves led by 24 year old blacksmith Gabriel, to march on state capital at richmond and take the governor hostage in 1800. word got out, however, and revolt was averted. 27 black men were hanged for allegedly contemplating rebellion |
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| Federalist from VA whom John Adams appointed to the supreme court. Judiciary act of 1801 (reduced s. court justices from 6 to 5) meant next vacancy folowing the appointment of Marshall would go unfilled so federalists had a stronger voice on the court. established principle of judicial review |
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| 1803 supreme court case that established the concept of judicial review when chief justice John Marshall ruled parts of the judiciary act of 1789 were in conflict with the constitution. Supreme court assumed legal authority to nullify acts of other branches of the gov. in this power struggle between congress and judiciary |
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| 1803 purchase of louisiana territory from France by US in exhange for $15 million. alarmed by rumors that spain intened to sell some of its trans-mississippi territroy to France, jefferson attempted to purchase New Orleans. Robert R. Livingston, Americas minister in France, shrewdly negotiated with Grance and acquired the whole territory for a modest sum. |
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| two explorers(1774–1809), U.S. explorer. Together with William Clark, Meriwether Lewis led an expedition to explore the newly acquired Louisiana Purchase (1804–06). They traveled from St. Louis to the Pacific Northwest and back. Lewis then served as governor of Louisiana Territory 1807–09. |
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| (c.1786–1812), Shoshone Indian guide and interpreter; also Sacagawea. She joined the Lewis and Clark expedition in what is now North Dakota and guided their travels through the wilderness and across the Rockies 1804–06. since she had a baby they were not viewed as incredibly threatening |
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| Jeffersons response to Chesapeake incidnet. this legislation banned american ships from tradingin any foreign port--an effort to cut off british access to american agricultural goods. had horrible effect on economy of US but did not have much of an impact on Britain which began trading with S. amerian countries |
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| British Practice of seizing and forcing into service sailors whom they accused of being deserters from the british navy. this became a major issue leading to the war of 1812 because many impressed sailors were native born americans |
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| became a member of the U.S. House of Representatives 1817–19 and of the U.S. Senate 1825–28. Already a military hero, having led the defeat of the Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 and of Indian chief Tecumseh in 1813, he was a popular candidate for the presidency but served only 32 days before he died of pneumonia. |
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| Republican rep. from Kentucky who was elected speaker of the house in 1811. war hawk, young republican eager for war with Britain in order to legitimize attacks on indians, end impressment, and avenge foreign insults. he brokered the missouri compromise and advocated the american system, a set of policies taht included protective tariffs to encourage manufacturing and federal expenditures for extensive internal improvements such as roads and canals. |
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| Rep. from S.C. elected in 1810, had a seat on foreign relations commitee. leader of war hawks. served as v.p. under John q. adams and andrew Jackson |
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| th president of the U.S. 1829–37; known as Old Hickory. A Tennessee Democrat, he served in the U.S. House of Representatives 1796–97 and as a U.S. Senator 1797–98, 1823–25. As a general in the U.S. Army during the War of 1812, he became known for his successful defense of New Orleans. As president, he vetoed the renewal of the charter of the Bank of the United States, opposed the nullification issue in South Carolina, and initiated the spoils system. During his administration, the national debt was paid off completely, the Wisconsin Territory was organized, Michigan was admitted as the 26th state, and the independence of Texas was recognized. |
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| young republican eager for war with Britain in order to legitimize attacks on indians, end impressment, and avenge foreign insults. led to war of 1812 |
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| meeting of antiwar federalists from N. England held in hartford in 1814 to discuss proposals aimed at curbing the souths power and even consider secessino from the union. coming on the heels of the treaty of ghent, the meeting apperaed unpatriotic and undermined federalist party |
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| war hawks pushed america to war with Britain, to legitimize attacks on indians, end impressment, and avenge foreign insults. invaded canada. expected war to last a few weeks, it lasted 2.5 years. Ended by treaty of Ghent in 1815. yielded on impressment and reliquished claims to canada, and british abandoned giving aid to indians |
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| fought on November 7, 1811, between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and forces of Tecumseh's growing American Indian confederation led by his younger brother Tenskwatawa. In response to rising tensions with the tribes and threats of war, a United States force of militia and regulars set out to launch a preemptive strike on the headquarters of the confederacy. The battle took place outside Prophetstown, at the confluence of the Tippecanoe and Wabash Rivers. devastating blow to Tecumseh's confederacy. |
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| (1787–1870), U.S. educator. She founded a boarding school in Vermont in 1814 to teach subjects, such as mathematics and philosophy, not then available to women. |
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| (1878) was an American educator known for her forthright opinions on women’s education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education. |
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| 5th president of the U.S. 1817–25. In 1803, while minister to France under President Jefferson, he negotiated and ratified the Louisiana Purchase. During his presidency, the Adams-Onis Treaty 1819, which allowed the U.S. to acquire Florida from Spain, was negotiated. A Democrat Republican, he is chiefly remembered, however, as the originator of the Monroe Doctrine. |
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| 6th president of the U.S. 1825–29; eldest son of President John Adams. A Massachusetts Democratic-Republican, he served as minister to the Netherlands 1794–96, Germany 1796–1801, St. Petersburg 1809–11, and Great Britain 1815–17. He held a seat in the U.S. Senate 1803–08 and helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent 1814, which ended the War of 1812. As President Monroe's secretary of state 1817–24, he was the chief architect of the Monroe doctrine. Two of Adams's most impassioned personal causes were the abolition of slavery and the safeguarding of freedom of speech. |
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| United States policy that was introduced on December 2, 1823, which stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed, by the United States of America, as acts of aggression requiring US intervention.[1] The Monroe Doctrine asserted that the Western Hemisphere was not to be further colonized by European countries and that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued at a time when many Latin American countries were on the verge of becoming independent from the Spanish Empire and the United States, reflecting concerns echoed by Great Britain, hoped to avoid having any European power take Spain's colonies.Introduced by James Monroe |
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| war between American troops and 10,000 creek indians in southern Mississippi territory. for 10 months, creeks (tecumsehs allies) mounted strong defense. but in 1814 Andrew Jackson led bloody attack killin 550 creeks. got thousands of acres to US from creeks |
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| war between American troops and 10,000 creek indians in southern Mississippi territory. for 10 months, creeks (tecumsehs allies) mounted strong defense. but in 1814 Andrew Jackson led bloody attack killin 550 creeks. got thousands of acres to US from creeks |
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| battle in 1815 in which andrew jackson led militia in a decisive victroy over large british army. americans suffered fewer than 80 casualties while the british suffered between 2,000 and 3,000. victory came 2 weeks after negotiations in europe had produced the treaty of Ghent. |
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| peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Due to the era's slow speed of communication, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to reach the United States, well after the Battle of New Orleans had begun. |
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| Female academies and seminaries |
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| schools and advanced schools respectively for women |
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| period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated. It lasted approximately 1816-1824, during the administration of U.S. President James Monroe, who deliberately downplayed partisanship. |
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| submitted by James Tallmadge, Jr. in the United States House of Representatives on February 13, 1819, during the debate regarding the admission of Missouri as a state. Tallmadge, an opponent of slavery, sought to impose conditions on Missouri that would extinguish slavery within a generation: |
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| an agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. Prior to the agreement, the House of Representatives had refused to accept this compromise and a conference committee was appointed. The United States Senate refused to concur in the amendment, and the whole measure was lost. |
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| US president from 1829-1837, tough frontier imgae helped define age. presidency coincided with democratiztion. responsible for trail of tears, and destruction of 2nd bank of america |
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| Inventor of the steamboat in 1807 |
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| Canal completed in 1825, linked New york city and great lakes region, premier commercial center. part of market revolution transportation |
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| Canal completed in 1825, linked New york city and great lakes region, premier commercial center. part of market revolution transportation |
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| Mills along Merrimack River in Lowell, MA, that centered on cloth production in one own and made use of water driven machinery. employed more than 5,000 young women |
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| Exhange of banknotes for hard currency (gold or silver) theory was that notes could always be exchanged, reality was not always the case, questionable banks made face value slightly less. |
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| Second Bank of the United States |
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| most powerful bank in america, HQ in philly, 18 branches throughout country. the question of rechartering this bank was a contentious issue during presidential campaign of 1832 |
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| collapse of economy due to pressure from contracting money supply and financial crisis in Europe (lowering prices of American goods). unemployment and bankruptcies blamed on second bank of America. |
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| Indian Removal Act of 1830 |
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| Legislation endorsed by President Jackson/passed by congress. appropriated $500,000 to relocate eastern tribes west of Mississippi and opened 100 million acres of eastern land to white settlement |
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| 1832 conflict between American Setterls and Sauk and Fox indians in w. Illinois into southern wisconsin, where they captured Black Hawk and massacred 400 indians |
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| War waged by seminoles in Florida against forced relocation in 1836-7. |
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| 1832 case in which supreme court upheld territoril sovereighnty of the cherokee and recognized their existence as a distinct community with legitimate claims to terriotry in which the laws of Georgia did not have standing. Jackson didn't care all that much. |
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| Forced westward journey of Cherokees from their homes in GA. after resistance, they were forced out by federal troops after small unauthorized faction of the tribe signed away all of the cherokee lands. nearly a quarter of the tribe died during teh trip. joined other tribes in Oklahoma |
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| revised tariff passed by congress in 1828 with complex conflicting duties that both pleased and angered virtually every economic and regional interest. South Carolina leaders feared the impact of the tariff on cotton exports and took the radical step of declaring the tariff to be null and void in their state as of Feb. 1, 1833 |
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| sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by South Carolina's 1832 Ordinance of Nullification. This ordinance declared, by the power of the State itself, that the federal Tariff of 1828 and 1832 were unconstitutional and therefore null and void within the sovereign boundaries of South Carolina. The controversial, and highly protective,Tariff of Abominations was enacted into law during the presidency of John Quincy Adams. Opposed in the South and parts of New England, the tariff’s opponents expected that the election of Jackson as President would result in the tariff being significantly reduced |
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| Bill pushed through congress py president Jackson to address south Carolina's declaration that federal tariffs were null and void in their state. the legislation defined s. carolina position as treason and authorized military action to collect tariffs. even before passage of the force bill, jackons had sent armed ships to charleston harbor and had threatened to invade the state. |
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| Massive revival of evangelical protestantism that began at the turn of the century and peaked in the 1820s and 1830s. said salvation was available for everyone who wanted it. focus on social perfection. |
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| concept of gender relations in Jacksonian era that held that the woman's place was in the home and mens was in the world of commerce and politics. (private vs. public) |
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| the movement that advocated abstinence for alcohol, greatly dented the alcohol consumption rate. |
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| African American printer from Boston who in 1829 published "An Appeal...to the coloured citizens of the world" which condemned racism and invoked teh egalitarian language of the declaration of independence. |
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| 1805–79) U.S. social liberal and spearhead for New England abolitionism. He published The Liberator 1831–65 and was a founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833. |
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| Abolitionist Newspaper founded in Boston by William lloyd Garrison. important outler for antislavery agitaiton, publishing the writings of slavery critics such as maria steward and helping foster the work of antislavery societies |
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| American Colonization Society |
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| Antislavery organization founded in 1817 by planters in MD and VA to promote voluntary empancipation and colonizaiton of those freemen in Africa, goal was gradual removal fo slavery/black people from US. high cost and slow. limited success |
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| Response to antislavery petitions. prohibited petitions into public record on grounds that what the abolitionists wanted was unconstitutional and assault on rights of white southerners. |
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| economic depression from downturn in cotton prices failures in various crop markets, and bank of englands demand that all loans to american merchants be paid in hard money. |
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| proposed by van buren in response to panic. funded by gov. deposits, that would perform some of the functions that would perform some of the functions of the defunct bank of the united states but would not make loans. moderate influence on inflation and the credit market without direct involvement in the market. approved in 1840 |
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| Skillfull backroom politician from NY. Jackson's secretary of state, the vp. succeeded jackson as pres. independent treasury system. |
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| Second Great Awakening minister |
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| Political party from National Republican Wing. favored using gov. to promote economic growht, and embrace a moralistic top-down approach. John Quincy Adams symbolized values in 1828 election. |
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| Political party. Andrew Jackson supported. supported will of majority and limited fedreal gov. |
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| the controversy over the Second Bank of the United States and the attempts to destroy it by then-president Andrew Jackson. At that time, it was the only nationwide bank and, along with its president Nicholas Biddle, exerted tremendous influence over the nation's financial system. Jackson viewed the Second Bank of the United States as a monopoly since it was a private institution managed by a board of directors, and in 1832 he vetoed the renewal of its charter.[1] |
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| state banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833. They were also named "Wildcat Banks". They were made among the big U.S. bank when President Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter for the Second Bank of the United States, proposed by Daniel Webster and Henry Clay four years in advance in 1832. |
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| Slave born in 1800 in VA who believed he had een divinely chosen to lead an assault against slavery. in 1831 he led an attack on local whites and killed 57 before armed whites calmed the rebellion. he was convicted and executed within a week of being captured |
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| region that stretched from southern VA to TX, lower south, where cotton grew well. |
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| mark that had established boundary btw. Maryland and Penn. in colonial times. in 1830s, it divided free north and slave south |
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| non enslaved black. in 1860, 260,000 of 4.1 million blacks in south were free. |
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| Areas of hill/mountains where higher elevation, colder climate and rugged terrain and poor transportation made it less suitable to large plantations. mostly dominated by yeoman |
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| Planters wife from SC who voiced frustration at white mens power with slavery system. complained of open miscengenation. did not reject slavery however |
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| slave who had to push other slaves to work harder in the fields. |
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| Actions opposing slavery by slaves: telling stories that undermined masters authority, running away. rebellion was rare because of limited sucess prospect. |
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| Ideal male-female relationship in slave south. totally subordinated women |
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| free black carpenter accused of conspiring to lead a slave revolt against whites of charleston SC |
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| laws in 1820s/30s that required slaves total submission to master and whites in general |
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| The idea that slavery was a set of reciprocal obligations between master and slave. slave=work, master=basic care. did not guarantee good living condidtions and denied brutality of slavery |
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| the one who oversaw the slaves while they worked |
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| Abolitionist who engaged in anitslavery violence in kansas in 1850s then fled to east. in 1859, led 21 men to raid harpers ferry, VA. thought slaves would follow him but instead the militia and troops subdued them. was then hanged |
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| Illinois senator, influenced sectional politicas of the nid19th century. led to compromise of 1850 which preserved peace temporarily. orchestrated kansas nebraska act to get a transcontinental railroad. repealed the missouri compromise. candidate for pres. in 1860 for democrats |
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| MA senator who tried to promote compromise by suggesting legislation was unnecessary to solve slavery because the climate wouldn't have cotton spread, aka slavery. |
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| NY senator who rejected attempts at compromise on issue of extending slavery into the new western territories. he became a prominent leader in Republican party, but his incendiary language including the suggestoin that a law higher than constitution should --the law of god--should govern the question of slavery, made him a poor candidate in national elections. |
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| proposed legislative package that joined henry clays proposals for a compromise on questions rleated to slavery in western territories. didn't pass, but most of the bills within the bill got passed by stephen douglas. |
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| proposal put forward by david wilmot that slavery be banned in new territory. divided along regional line. passed by house, rejected by senate. |
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| anti slavery whigs/democrats who didn't want slavery |
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| Split nebraska territory, revoked missouri compromise, opened to pop. sovereignty |
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| Book about how bad slavery was. |
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| Northeners had to, by law, help find runaway slaves if asked, and were punished for harboring slaves. |
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| Douglas dominated the Senate in the 1850s. He was largely responsible for the Compromise of 1850 that apparently settled slavery issues. However, in 1854 he reopened the slavery question by the highly controversial Kansas-Nebraska Act, that allowed the people of the new territories to decide for themselves whether or not to have slavery (which is known as "popular sovereignty"). The protest movement against this became the Republican Party. Douglas supported the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision of 1857, |
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| 15th president of the U.S. 1857–61. A Pennsylvania Democrat, he served as U.S. congressman 1821–31, minister to Russia 1832–34, U.S. senator 1834–45, U.S. secretary of state 1845–49, and minister to Great Britain 1853–56. As president, his leanings toward the pro-slavery side in the developing dispute over slavery made the issue more fraught. He retired from politics in 1861. |
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| MA senator who called for a new northern party supporting freedom, free soil party. viciously beaten by preston brooks when decrying proslavery violence in kansas |
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| judge who supported dred scott decision: slaves were not free just because they were in free territory, because they were not citizens of the US |
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| Mississippian who became pres. of conferderate States of America. prior to secession unsuccessfully demanded federal protection of slavery in the territories |
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| an attempt by white abolitionist John Brown to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry in Virginia in 1859. |
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| the ambiguous idea that the settlers of new territories decide the slave status. |
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| Protestant party agaist Irish Catholic immigrants |
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| Bleeding Kansas was a proxy war between Northerners and Southerners over the issue of slavery in the United States. South knew they were losing at this point. |
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| Charles Sumner getting beaten by Preston Brooks over slavery issues |
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| Famous debates between Lincoln and stephen douglas over slavery during their race to represent illinois. outlined both of their beliefs clearly |
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| economic downturn in the 19th century. the question of who was responsible influenced 1858 election |
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| Proslavery constitution for kansas to enter as a slave state despite free soil majority. endorsed by james buchanan but rejected in congress as corrupt. |
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| LIncoln wanted douglas to choose between pop. sovereignty and that slavery could not be excluded, but he said that despite the court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery. Likewise, if the people of the territory supported slavery, legislation would provide for its continued existence. |
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| Confederate States of America |
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| Basically the south that seceeded from the union |
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| an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the concerns that led the states in the Deep South of the United States to contemplate secession from the United States. |
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Slavery would be prohibited in any territory of the United States "now held, or hereafter acquired," north of latitude 36 degrees, 30 minutes line. In territories south of this line, slavery of the African race was "hereby recognized" and could not be interfered with by Congress. Furthermore, property in African slaves was to be "protected by all the departments of the territorial government during its continuance." States would be admitted to the Union from any territory with or without slavery as their constitutions provided.
Congress was forbidden to abolish slavery in places under its jurisdiction within a slave state such as a military post.
Congress could not abolish slavery in the District of Columbia so long as it existed in the adjoining states of Virginia and Maryland and without the consent of the District's inhabitants. Compensation would be given to owners who refused consent to abolition.
Congress could not prohibit or interfere with the interstate slave trade.
Congress would provide full compensation to owners of rescued fugitive slaves. Congress was empowered to sue the county in which obstruction to the fugitive slave laws took place to recover payment; the county, in turn, could sue "the wrong doers or rescuers" who prevented the return of the fugitive.
No future amendment of the Constitution could change these amendments or authorize or empower Congress to interfere with slavery within any slave state. |
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| a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America. |
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| The south withdrawing from the union because of the slavery issue. |
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| General appointed by Lincoln to command army of the potomac following the union defeta at bull run in july 1861. indecisive leader. reluctant to engae in battle, ran against lincoln as dem. candidate in 1864 |
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| first major battle in civil war. in VA. union was defeated. undermined union morale. taught lincoln victory would not be easy. |
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| federaly manned fort at the entrance to charleston harbor that became a bone of contention in 1861. confederate attacked it. marked beginning of civil war |
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| Confederate general who became southern celebrated hero of war. stepped in for joseph johntson and assumed command of army of northern VA. brought success |
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| confederate approach to diplomacy that intended to capitilze on European need for cotton. thought it would break union blockade. but it didn't work. Europe was fine. |
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| US use of navy to patrol southern coastline to restrict confederate access to supplies. initally weak, but got sronger and effective in depriving confed. of supplies |
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| union general who emerged as key northern commander. approach focused on norhts superior manpoewr and matched lincolns understanding of importane of victory. |
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| She founded the American Red Cross and served as its first president 1882–1904. |
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| American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses. |
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| U.S. general. In 1864, during the Civil War, he was appointed commander of Union forces in the West. He set out with 60,000 men on a "March to the Sea” through Georgia, during which he crushed Confederate forces and broke civilian morale by his policy of deliberate destruction of the territory through which he passed. He served as commander of the army 1869–84. |
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| Union Navy maintained a strenuous effort on the Atlantic and Gulf Coast of the Confederate States of America designed to prevent the passage of trade goods, supplies, and arms to and from the Confederacy. Ships that tried to evade the blockade, known as blockade runners, were mostly newly built, high-speed ships with small cargo capacity. |
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| Allowed seizure of any slave employed by confederate army |
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| decision that Slaves in north are stolen property of civil war and the north doesnt have to give them back but they aren't free |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| the announcement made by President Lincoln during the Civil War on September 22, 1862, emancipating all black slaves in states still engaged in rebellion against the Union. Although implementation was strictly beyond Lincoln's powers, the declaration turned the war into a crusade against slavery. It was signed on January 1, 1863. |
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| They made a national bank. civil war. |
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| offered 160 acres of land to anyone who would settle in the west, north wanted to settle in west during civil war. |
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| series of acts of Congress that promoted the construction of the transcontinental railroad in the United States through authorizing the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies. during civil war |
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| federal gov. gave land to any college that would say they support agriculture up north |
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| to coordinate the volunteer efforts of women who wanted to contribute to the war effort of the Union states during the American Civil War. |
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| poor people were annoyed that they couldn't buy their way out of military service |
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| was the final major military action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into the defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. |
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| a decisive battle of the Civil War, fought near the town of Gettysburg in Pennsylvania in July 1863. A Union army under General Meade repulsed the Confederate army of General Lee and forced him to abandon his invasion of the north. |
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| a speech delivered on November 18, 1863, by President Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg. |
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| William Shermans march through Georgia.The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 21. It inflicted significant damage, particularly to industry and infrastructure (as per the doctrine of total war), and also to civilian property |
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| Lincoln's Second Inaugural Speech |
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Definition
| on March 4, 1865, during his inauguration at the start of his second term as President of the United States. At a time when victory over the secessionists in the American Civil War was within days and slavery was near an end, Lincoln did not speak of happiness, but of sadness. Some see this speech as a defense of his pragmatic approach to Reconstruction, in which he sought to avoid harsh treatment of the defeated South by reminding his listeners of how wrong both sides had been in imagining what lay before them when the war began four years earlier. |
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| Northerners who didn't support the civil war |
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| Suspension of habeas corpus |
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| Abraham sent in troops to maryland saying they had no rights anymore..aka stay with the union |
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| site of robert e lees surrender |
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| Sioux Chief who fought in the Battle for the Black Hills. He surrendered and the white people took the black hills for the gold. |
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| The dances that the indians would do, as a rebellion against the white folk. they were harmless but they spread like wildfire and freaked out the whites. many indians were killed because of it. |
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| the act to get bar further Chinese immigration to the US in 1882. Strong anti asian sentiment. Chinese population in US went down because they had no women/children, just the working men. |
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| type of fencing that ended free range cattle ranching. Basially kept cattle private. fence cutters would cut the fence and probably steal cattle. |
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| 15,000 african Americans who left behind bad economic conditions in Missouri and Louisiana to take up land in kansas |
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| Farming on a much larger, industrial scale with production, processing, distribution, etc. industrialization of the south. |
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| Wild west guy who put on shows to show off his wild westness such as sharpshooting amd custers last stand |
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| Had the frontier Thesis that said that what made the US special was the exisitance of a "frontier" in the west, and now that they had overcome it america would not be the same. |
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| The Battle of Little Big Horn |
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| Battle in 1876 along little big horn river in montana, indians routed Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his men. victory for Indians so gov didn't remove the lakota sioux from lands granted by the treaty of Fort Laramie. But battle did not forestall the US ultimate victory in the west. |
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Lietenant Colonel of 7th cavalry whose men discovered gold in the black hills in 1874. after US didn't aquiere the black hills which were under indian control by terms of treaty of fort laramie. .
Custer became part of effort to force indians onto pine ridge reservation. attacked indian camp on little big horn river. see battle of "" for info |
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| 1890 slaughter of over 200 sioux by US 7th cavalry near wounded knee creek, south dakota. Following the killing of Sitting Bull by indian police, his followers attempted to surrender to the 7th cavalry, a shot was heard, prompting the cavalry to open fire with machine guns, massacring the indian men, women and children. |
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| Legislation passed by congress in 1887 that abolished indian reservations and instead apportioned the land to individual indians. proponetnts of the new policy hoped it would promote assimilation through farming and property ownership. |
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| Apache shaman who led small raiding parties in attacks on ranchers in southwestern US and northern mexico during 1880s after apaches had been confined to reservation life. surrendered to calvarly in 1866. US sent him and 500 apaches to florida as prisoners, where more than one fourht of them died within 3 years. geronimo survived to become a public figure but wasnt allowed to go back to arizona. |
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| US bureau of indian affairs |
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Definition
| group that "supported" indians, but really just screwed them over and moved them all over the place. |
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| U.S. actor. He is better known as the assassin of President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theater in Washington, DC. |
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| U.S. social reformer and leader of the woman suffrage movement. She traveled, lectured, and campaigned throughout her life for women's rights. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she organized the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869. With Stanton and Matilda Joslyn Gage, she compiled the History of Woman Suffrage (1881–1902). |
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| As chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, Stevens, a witty, sarcastic speaker and flamboyant party leader, dominated the House from 1861 until his death and wrote much of the financial legislation that paid for the American Civil War. Stevens and Senator Charles Sumner were the prime leaders of the Radical Republicans during the American Civil War and Reconstruction. |
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| U.S. journalist and political leader. He founded the New York Tribune in 1841. An abolitionist and supporter of the Free Soil movement, he became known for his advice “Go West, young man.” |
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| The "Redeemers" were a political coalition in the Southern United States during the Reconstruction era, who sought to oust the Republican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers and scalawags. They were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, who were the conservative, pro-business wing of the Democratic Party. |
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Term
| Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction |
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Definition
| Lincolns plan for reconstruction aimed at shortening the war and ending slavery. it offered full pardon to rebels who renounced secession and accepted emancipation, permitted the organization of a new state government after only 10% of a states voters had taken an oath of allegiance and made no provision for protecting freemaens social or political rights. |
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| Congressional plan for reconstruction that rejected the 10% plan and upped it to 50%. it also banned ex confederates from participation in drafting of new state constitutions and guaranteed freedmen equality before the law |
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| Giving voting rights to men and freed slaves. women were mad because they weren't included. sparks womens movement |
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| was passed on March 3, 1865, by Congress to aid former slaves through legal food and housing, oversight, education, health care, and employment contracts with private landowners. It became a key agency during Reconstruction, assisting freedmen (freed ex-slaves) in the South. Lincoln's work. |
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| The Black Codes were unofficial laws put in place in the United States to limit the basic human rights and civil liberties of blacks. Made them pay to work certain jobs. basically forced them to be slaves again. |
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| Ku Klux klan attacking blacks by means of terror |
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| federal law in the United States declaring that everyone born in the U.S. and not subject to any foreign power is a citizen, without regard to race, color, or previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude |
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| opposed President Abraham Lincoln's policies in terms of selection of generals and his efforts to bring states back into the Union; Lincoln vetoed the Radical plan in 1864 and was putting his own policies in effect when he was assassinated in 1865.[1] Radicals pushed for the uncompensated abolition of slavery, and after the war supported Civil rights for freedmen (the newly freed slaves), such as measures ensuring the right to vote. They initiated the Reconstruction Acts, and reduced rights for ex-Confederate soldiers. |
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Black conservatism emphasizes traditionalism, strong patriotism, capitalism, free markets, and strong social conservatism within the context of black church
**double check this one** |
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| abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, passed by the House on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865 |
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citizenship clause--blacks are allowed to be citizens
due process-- prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken.
Equal Protection--requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people within its jurisdiction. |
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| prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" (i.e., slavery). It was ratified on February 3, 1870. |
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| slang term southerners applied to southern republicans. most were unionists who resented confederate treatment |
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| Northern migrants to the south. south said they were trying to capitalize on their misery, they were just trying to prosper in a slavery free south |
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| terrorist southern group that attacked blacks by means of fear |
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Supreme Court interpretation of the relatively new Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. It is viewed as a pivotal case in early civil rights law, reading the Fourteenth Amendment as protecting the "privileges or immunities" conferred by virtue of the federal United States citizenship to all individuals of all states within it, but not those privileges or immunities incident to citizenship of a state.
*CHECK |
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| that everyone, regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude, was entitled to the same treatment in "public accommodations" (i.e. inns, public conveyances on land or water, theaters, and other places of public amusement). |
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One of the chief reasons for its passage was to protect southern blacks from the Ku Klux Klan by providing a civil remedy for abuses then being committed in the South.
also called civil rights act of 1871 |
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| a tenant farmer who gives a part of each crop as rent. |
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| a way for farmers to get credit before the planting season by borrowing against the value for anticipated harvests. Local merchants provided food and supplies all year long on credit; when the cotton crop was harvested farmers turned it over to the merchant to pay back their loan. Sometimes there was cash left over; when cotton prices were low, the crop did not cover the debt and the farmer started the next year in the red. The credit system was used by land owners, sharecroppers and tenant farmers |
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| Presidential impeachment trial |
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Definition
| trying to get pres. Andrew Johnson impeached during reconstruction because he was causing so many problems. he wasn't but was quiet from then on. |
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Definition
| denied the President of the United States the power to remove anyone who had been appointed by a past President without the advice and consent of the United States Senate, unless the Senate approved the removal during the next full session of Congress. |
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| the practice of politicians referencing the blood of martyrs or heroes to criticize opponents. |
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| government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit.[1] The act provided selection of government employees competitive exams,[1] rather than ties to politicians or political affiliation. It also made it illegal to fire or demote government employees for political reasons |
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| Author of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn |
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| With James Fisk and Daniel Drew 1797–1879, he gained control of the Erie Railroad in 1868 through stock manipulation. With Fisk, he attempted to corner the gold market, an effort that created the Black Friday panic on September 24, 1869. |
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| U.S. industrialist and philanthropist; born in Scotland. After building up a fortune in the steel industry, he retired in 1901 and devoted his wealth to charitable purposes, in particular to libraries, education, and the arts. He established the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1900. |
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| U.S. industrialist and philanthropist; full name John Davison Rockefeller. He founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870 and, by 1880, exercised a virtual monopoly over oil refining in the U.S. Both he and his son, John D. Rockefeller Jr. (1874–1960), established many philanthropic institutions, including the Rockefeller Foundation in 1913. Rockefeller Center in New York City was built in the 1930s. |
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| American teacher, author and journalist. She was known as one of the leading "muckrakers" of the progressive era, work known in modern times as "investigative journalism" |
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| founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century, over which he presided until his death. He is credited with the development of the first practical ice-cooled railroad car which allowed his company to ship dressed meats to all parts of the country |
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| known for developing vacuum-operated safety brakes and electrically controlled signals for railroads. He held over 400 patents and built up a huge company to manufacture his products. |
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| created General Electric in 1891 and the U.S. Steel Corporation in 1901. He bequeathed his large art collection to the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. |
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| was an American academic and professor at Yale College. For many years he had a reputation as one of the most influential teachers there. He was a polymath with numerous books and essays on American history, economic history, political theory, sociology, and anthropology. He is credited with introducing the term "ethnocentrism," a term intended to identify imperialists' chief means of justification, in his book Folkways (1906). Sumner was also the first to teach a course entitled "Sociology". |
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| African American journalist, newspaper editor and, with her husband, newspaper owner Ferdinand L. Barnett, an early leader in the civil rights movement. She documented the extent of lynching in the United States, and was also active in the women's rights movement and the women's suffrage movement. |
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| A New York Democrat, he served as governor of his state 1883–85 before being elected to the presidency. During his first term, he championed civil service reform and revision of the tariff system. Although he was defeated for reelection by Benjamin Harrison in 1888, he was again elected in 1892. His second term was marked by his application of the Monroe Doctrine to Britain's border dispute with Venezuela in 1895 |
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| A Republican, he favored big business and waged the Spanish–American War of 1898, which resulted in the acquisition of Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, as well as the annexation of Hawaii, and brought the U.S. to the forefront of world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist while in Buffalo, New York. |
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| era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late 19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, The Gilded Age: A Tale of Today. The name refers to the process of gilding an object with a superficial layer of gold and is meant to make fun of ostentatious display while playing on the term "golden age." |
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| Vertical and Horizontal integration |
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Definition
v--controlling raw materials up
h--controlling sales |
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| predominant American integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870 as a corporation in Ohio, it was the largest oil refiner in the world[3] and operated as a major company trust and was one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations until it was broken up by the United States Supreme Court in 1911. John D. Rockefeller was a founder, chairman and major shareholder. |
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| Law confidence placed in a person by making that person the nominal owner of property to be held or used for the benefit of one or more others. |
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| known for his dedication to using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City, which was the subject of most of his prolific writings and photography. He helped with the implementation of "model tenements |
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| He helped to found the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions in 1881. When it was reorganized as the American Federation of Labor in 1886, he served as its president until his death and did much to win respect for organized labor. |
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| the son of Irish Catholic immigrants. He was a highly visible national spokesman for the working man as head of the Knights of Labor from 1879 until 1893. Although the Knights claimed over 600,000 members at its peak in 1886, it was so poorly organized that Powderly had little power. |
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| American architect, and has been called the "father of skyscrapers."[1] He is considered by many as the creator of the modern skyscraper, was an influential architect and critic of the Chicago School, was a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright, and an inspiration to the Chicago group of architects who have come to be known as the Prairie School. |
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| U.S. landscape architect. He designed Central Park in New York City, Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, and the Capitol grounds in Washington, D.C. |
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William Marcy Tweed,[1] and widely known as "Boss" Tweed – was an American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in the politics of 19th century New York City and State. At the height of his influence, Tweed was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the Erie Railway, the Tenth National Bank, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel.
bosses would exchange housing and food for immigrants for their vote |
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| born in Germany. He was a staff artist at Harper's Weekly 1861–86 and creator of the Republican elephant and the Democratic donkey symbols as well as of the U.S. image of Santa Claus. |
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| A leader of the muckraking movement, he was editor of McClure's magazine 1902–06 and, as an associate editor, contributed articles to American and Everybody's magazines 1906–11. |
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Definition
| where the immigrants sailed to when they came to america |
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| Great Railroad Strike of 1877 |
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Definition
| wages were cut significantly, and companies were going to pay 10% dividend to stockholders, so workers revolted. it scared people |
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| was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most important leader was Terence Powderly. The Knights promoted the social and cultural uplift of the workingman, rejected Socialism and radicalism, demanded the eight-hour day, and promoted the producers ethic of republicanism. In some cases it acted as a labor union, negotiating with employers, but it was never well organized, and after a rapid expansion in the mid-1880s, it suddenly lost its new members and became a small operation again. |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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| rivals of Knights of Labor |
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| unrest that took place on Tuesday May 4, 1886, at the Haymarket Square[3] in Chicago. It began as a rally in support of striking workers. An unknown person threw a dynamite bomb at police as they dispersed the public meeting. The bomb blast and ensuing gunfire resulted in the deaths of eight police officers, mostly from friendly fire, and an unknown number of civilians.[4][5] In the internationally publicized legal proceedings that followed, eight anarchists were tried for murder. Four men were convicted and executed, and one committed suicide in prison, although the prosecution conceded none of the defendants had thrown the bomb. |
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| a resort and amusement park in the Brooklyn borough of New York City, on the southern shore of Long Island. |
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| a powerful organization within the Democratic Party that was widely associated with corruption. Founded as a fraternal and benevolent society in 1789, it came to dominate political life in New York City in the 19th and early 20th centuries, before being reduced in power by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the early 1930s. |
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| World's Columbian Exposition — is the official shortened name for the 'World's Fair: Columbian Exposition,'[1] also known as The Chicago World's Fair — was a World's Fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. Chicago bested New York City; Washington, D.C.; and St. Louis, Missouri, for the honor of hosting the fair. The fair had a profound effect on architecture, the arts, Chicago's self-image, and American industrial optimism. The Chicago Columbian Exposition was, in large part, designed by Daniel Burnham and Frederick Law Olmsted. It was the prototype of what Burnham and his colleagues thought a city should be. It was designed to follow Beaux Arts principles of design, namely French Classical Architecture principles based on symmetry, balance and splendour. |
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| inventor of the Pullman sleeping car. violently suppressing striking workers in the company town. (they had to buy from his stores, etc. slashed wages but not prices) |
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| founding of the American Railway Union (ARU), the nation's first industrial union. When the ARU struck the Pullman Palace Car Company over pay cuts, President Grover Cleveland used the United States Army to break the strike. As a leader of the ARU, Debs was later imprisoned for failing to obey an injunction against the strike. |
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| Democratic candidate who supported free silver, gave speeches and made them sound religious |
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| Yellow Journalist. had photographer take pics. of cuba and he "furnished the war" in the pictures. |
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| Another yellow journalist, owned a number of newspapers, including the New York World |
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| Awesome dude. took over the position of secretary of Navy when he was on vacation and had the US fleet go after Manila in Spanish American War |
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| the later version of Farmer's alliances. People's party. wanted free silver, cut down on industry, Bryan for president. Split on whether or not to latch on to democrats. |
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| alliances of farmers. similar to worker's unions, but with farmers instead. |
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| Product of Farmer's alliances. Storing non perishable foodcrops in silohs for offseasons and economic downturns. |
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| dispute occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in the Pittsburgh-area town of Homestead, Pennsylvania, between the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers (the AA) and the Carnegie Steel Company. The final result was a major defeat for the union, and a setback for efforts to unionize steelworkers. |
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| hired military to end strikes. |
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| marked by the collapse of railroad overbuilding and shaky railroad financing which set off a series of bank failures. Compounding market overbuilding and the railroad bubble, was a run on the gold supply (relative to silver), because of the long-established American policy of Bimetalism, which used both silver and gold metals at a fixed 16:1 rate for pegging the value of the US Dollar. Until the Great Depression, the Panic of '93 was considered the worst depression the United States had ever experienced. |
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| (ARU), was the largest labor union of its time, and one of the first industrial unions in the United States. It was founded on June 20, 1893, by railway workers gathered in Chicago, Illinois, and under the leadership of Eugene V. Debs (locomotive fireman and later Socialist Presidential candidate), the ARU, unlike the trade unions, incorporated a policy of unionizing all railway workers, regardless of craft or service. |
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| 3,000 employees of the Pullman Palace Car Company began a wildcat strike in response to recent reductions in wages, bringing traffic west of Chicago to a halt. Grover Cleveland ordered federal troops to Chicago to end the strike, causing debate within his own cabinet about whether the President had the constitutional authority to do so. The conflict peaked on July 6, shortly after the troops' arrival in the city, and ended several days later. |
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| protest march by unemployed workers from the United States, led by the populist Jacob Coxey. They marched on Washington D.C. in 1894, the second year of a four-year economic depression that was the worst in United States history to that time. |
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| the policy of territorial or economic expansion |
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| In 1898 President of the United States William McKinley signed the treaty of annexation for Hawaii, but it failed in the senate after the 38,000 signatures of the Ku’e Petitions were submitted. After the failure Hawaii was annexed by means of joint resolution called the Newlands Resolution |
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| Revolt against foreigners in China. big problemo. we had to send in troops to get our people out. |
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| all had access to soverign chinese trade in china. |
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| Cuba was under Spanish control, Spain was totally ruining them, we considered it a violation of Monroe doctrine, so we finally intervened and defeated Spain and took all its territories. |
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| Ship that exploded due to an unknown cause during Spanish American War. riled up US to enlist |
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| The "Rough Riders" was the name bestowed on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry, one of three such regiments raised in 1898 for the Spanish-American War and the only one of the three to see action |
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| Spanish American War. bloodiest and most famous battle of the War. It was also the location of the greatest victory for the Rough Riders as claimed by the press and its new commander, the future Vice-President and later President, Theodore Roosevelt |
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| a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force |
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| The amendment stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba after the Spanish-American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations. The Amendment ensured U.S. involvement in Cuban affairs, both foreign and domestic, and gave legal standing to U.S. claims to certain economic and military territories on the island including Guantanamo Bay Naval Base. |
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| signaled the end of the Spanish Empire in America and the Pacific Ocean and marked the beginning of an age of United States colonial power. |
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| settlement house in the United States that was co-founded in 1889 by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr. Located in the Near West Side of Chicago, Illinois, Hull House immediately opened its doors to the recently arrived European immigrants. |
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| Christian theologian and Baptist minister. He was a key figure in the Social Gospel movement in the United States of America. |
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| Florence Kelly/ National consumers league |
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| The National Consumers League, founded in 1899, is an American consumer organization. The National Consumers League is a private, nonprofit advocacy group representing consumers on marketplace and workplace issues. |
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| U.S. philosopher and educational theorist. He defined knowledge as successful practice and espoused the educational theory that children learn best by doing. |
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| one of the intellectual leaders of the Efficiency Movement and his ideas, broadly conceived, were highly influential in the Progressive Era. |
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| senator, congressman, governor of Wisconsin and candidate for President |
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| Upton Sinclair/The Jungle |
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| U.S. novelist and social reformer. He agitated for social justice in 79 books, including The Jungle (1906) and the 11-volume “Lanny Budd” series (1940–53). |
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| U.S. forester. Chief of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's forestry division 1898–1910, he was the first professional U.S. forester and a leader in the land conservation movement. He was also governor of Pennsylvania |
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| a Scottish-born American naturalist, author, and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States. |
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| Fat president. He was chosen by TR after TR retired from presidency. However, he took a lot of TR's work to the extreme to TR's furiousness. |
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| Democrat winner in 1912. Brought southern views to office |
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| started birth control movement and all of its implications. after fleeing to Europe after arrest threat, she came back and opened birth control clinic |
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| American suffragette and activist. Along with Lucy Burns and others, she led a successful campaign for women's suffrage that resulted in the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution |
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| mendment to the United States Constitution which gave U.S. women the right to vote in 1920. Catt served as president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association and was the founder of the League of Women Voters and the International Alliance of Women. |
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| American educator, author, orator, and political leader. He was the dominant figure in the African American community in the United States from 1890 to 1915. Representative of the last generation of black leaders born in slavery, he spoke on behalf of blacks living in the South. |
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| intellectual leader of the black community in America. In multiple roles as civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, historian, author, and editor. |
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| Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The movement applied Christian ethics to social problems, especially social justice, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war. |
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| movement that sought to abolish prostitution and other sexual activities then considered immoral. Composed primarily of women |
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| Women's trade Union League |
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| organization of both working class and more well-off women formed in 1903 to support the efforts of women to organize labor unions and to eliminate sweatshop conditions. The WTUL played an important role in supporting the massive strikes in the first two decades of the twentieth century that established the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America and in campaigning for women's suffrage among men and women workers. |
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| fire in shirtwaist factory that killed/injured many women who were locked in. gestured toward the bad conditions of working, fueled movements and stuff. |
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| justifies both sex discrimination and usage of labor laws during the time period. The case upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health. |
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| approach that assesses the truth of meaning of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application. |
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| theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity |
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| Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program formed upon three basic ideas: conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer protection. aimed at helping middle class citizens and involved attacking the plutocracy and bad trusts while at the same time protecting business from the extreme demands of organized labor. |
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| Interstate Commerce Commission |
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| regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland. The agency was abolished in 1995, and the agency's remaining functions were transferred to the Surface Transportation Board. |
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| 1906 United States federal law that gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates. |
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| United States federal law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicines |
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| United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West. |
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| across the Isthmus of Panama, that connects the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Its construction, begun by Ferdinand de Lesseps in 1881, was abandoned in 1889 and was completed by the U.S., 1904–14. Control of the canal remained with the U.S. until 1999, when it was ceded to Panama. |
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| we can interfere in foreign affairs if they need it. (aka cuba) |
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| effort of the United States — particularly under President William Howard Taft — to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries. |
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| Progressive (bull moose party) |
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| any of three related political parties active in the first half of the twentieth century that favored social reform. The most prominent was that formed under Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. |
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| TR's slogan for 1912, wanted federal planning and stuff |
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| Woodrow Wilson's slogan in 1912, wanted to lessen gov. powers and enhance states rights. |
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| created the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America, and granted it the legal authority to issue legal tender. The Act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson. |
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| add further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime by seeking to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency. That regime started with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the first Federal law outlawing practices considered harmful to consumers (monopolies, cartels, and trusts). The Clayton act specified particular prohibited conduct, the three-level enforcement scheme, the exemptions, and the remedial measures. |
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| a federal agency, established in 1914, that administers antitrust and consumer protection legislation in pursuit of free and fair competition in the marketplace. |
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a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
*check* |
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| a radical U.S. labor movement, founded in Chicago in 1905 and, as part of the syndicalist movement, dedicated to the overthrow of capitalism. Its popularity declined after World War I, and by 1925 its membership was insignificant. Also called the Wobblies |
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an address on the topic of race relations given by Booker T. Washington on September 18, 1895.
The title Atlanta Compromise was given to the speech, as a criticism, by W.E.B. Du Bois. Du Bois believed the Exposition was insufficiently committed to the pursuit of social and political equality for Blacks |
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| "separate but equal" business. |
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| mass civil disturbance in Atlanta, Georgia, USA which began the evening of September 22 and lasted until September 26, 1906. An estimated 25 to 40 African-Americans were killed along with 2 confirmed European Americans. The main cause was the rising tension between whites and blacks as a result of competition for jobs, black desire for civil rights, Reconstruction, and the gubernatorial election of 1906. |
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| a U.S. civil rights organization set up in 1909 to oppose racial segregation and discrimination by nonviolent means. |
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| Muckraker, investigative journalist, a politician, and, most famously, the head of the United States Committee on Public Information, a propaganda organization created by President Woodrow Wilson during World War I |
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| Senator from MA, wanted reservations in the Treaty of Versailles in WW1, didn't get them, but treaty just wasn't passed because Wilson didn't get enough votes for his version. |
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| succeeded to the Presidency upon the sudden death of Warren G. Harding in 1923. Elected in his own right in 1924, he gained a reputation as a small-government conservative, and also as a man who said very little. |
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| was Attorney General of the United States from 1919 to 1921. He was nicknamed The Fighting Quaker and he directed the controversial Palmer Raids. |
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| anarchist known for her political activism, writing and speeches. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the twentieth century. |
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| 29th pres. 1920 Republican National Convention. During his presidential campaign, in the aftermath of World War I, he promised a return of the nation to "normalcy." This "America first" campaign encouraged industrialization and a strong economy independent of foreign influence. Harding departed from the progressive movement that had dominated Congress since President Theodore Roosevelt. |
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| American Expeditionary Force |
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| United States Armed Forces sent to Europe in World War I. During the United States campaigns in World War I the AEF fought in France alongside British and French allied forces in the last year of the war, against Imperial German forces. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at Château-Thierry and Belleau Wood) in June 1918, and fought its major actions in the Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensives in late 1918. |
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| Submarines used by Germans. considered inhumane bc we got no warning whatsoever and lots of our people were killed by them. |
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| ocean liner that was sunk by german torpedos. it held over 1,000 people and 128 were American. |
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| the germans wanted mexico in the war in exchange for texas (uh...thats ours) and wanted them to hurt us. needless to say that pushed us over the edge. |
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| the draft enacted by woodrow wilson |
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| United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The board set production quotas and allocated raw materials. It also conducted psychological testing to help people find the right jobs. |
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| guaranteed women the right to vote. FINALLY! |
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| Committee on Public Information |
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| independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I. |
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| It forbade the use of "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, its flag, or its armed forces or that caused others to view the American government or its institutions with contempt. The act also allowed the Postmaster General to refuse to deliver mail that met those same standards for punishable speech or opinion. It applied only to times "when the United States is in war." It was repealed on December 13, 1920 |
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| speech delivered by United States President Woodrow Wilson to a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1918. The address was intended to assure the country that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. People in Europe generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but his Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau, David Lloyd George and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism |
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| see card on Henry Cabot Lodge |
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| began following the Bolshevik Russian Revolution of 1917 and the intensely patriotic years of World War I as anarchist and left-wing political violence and social agitation aggravated national social and political tensions. |
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| Mexican population going up and Blacks coming North |
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| League of United Lation American Citizens |
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| created with the aim of combating the discrimination that Mexican Americans faced in the United States Southwest. Established February 17, 1929 in Corpus Christi, Texas, LULAC was consolidation of smaller, like-minded civil rights groups already in existence |
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| started assembly line business |
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| Jamaican who essentially started the Harlem Renaissance |
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| American novelist, playwright, short story writer, and columnist. He was one of the earliest innovators of the new literary art form jazz poetry. Hughes is best-known for his work during the Harlem Renaissance. He famously wrote about the period that "Harlem was in vogue". |
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| American folklorist, anthropologist, and author during the time of the Harlem Renaissance. Of Hurston's four novels and more than 50 published short stories, plays, and essays, she is best known for her 1937 novel Their Eyes Were Watching God. |
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| 1st man to successfully fly a plane across the Atlantic |
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| AMAZING AUTHOR. American author and journalist. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and public image. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Hemingway's fiction was successful because the characters he presented exhibited authenticity that resonated with his audience. |
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| American author of novels and short stories, whose works are the paradigm writings of the Jazz Age, a term he coined himself. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the "Lost Generation" of the 1920s |
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| Immigrant criminals who were executed for murder. People got all mad because they said they were executed for being immigrants, not for being criminals |
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American legal case in 1925 in which a high school biology teacher John Scopes was accused of violating the state's Butler Act that made it unlawful to teach evolution.
Scopes was found guilty, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality and he was never brought back to trial. The trial drew intense national publicity, as national reporters flocked to the small town of Dayton, to cover the big-name lawyers representing each side. William Jennings Bryan, three time presidential candidate for the Democrats, argued for the prosecution, while Clarence Darrow, the famed defense attorney, spoke for Scopes. |
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| 31st President. Had to deal with crash of 1929, which was a complete mess. |
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| nine black teenaged boys accused of rape in Alabama in 1931. The landmark set of legal cases from this incident deal with racism and a basic American right: the Right to a fair trial. The case includes a frameup, all-white jury, rushed trials, an attempted lynching, angry mob, and miscarriage of justice. |
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| Ford Model T (colloquially known as the Tin Lizzie, Flivver, T‑Model Ford, or T) is an automobile that was produced by Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company from 1908 through 1927. The Model T set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile became popular. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford's innovations, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting |
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| an oil field in southeastern Wyoming that, as a naval reserve, was the focus of a 1920s corruption scandal. |
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| refers either to the combination of a capitalist economic system with a welfare state or, in the American context, to the practice of businesses providing welfare-like services to employees. Welfare capitalism in this second sense, or industrial paternalism, was centered in industries that employed skilled labor and peaked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. |
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| In cases where a buyer cannot afford to pay the asked price for an item of property as a lump sum but can afford to pay a percentage as a deposit, a hire-purchase contract allows the buyer to hire the goods for a monthly rent. When a sum equal to the original full price plus interest has been paid in equal installments, the buyer may then exercise an option to buy the goods at a predetermined price (usually a nominal sum) or return the goods to the owner. |
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| 18th amendment. started speakeasies, roaring 20s |
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| newly acquired vote, flapper styles, speakeasies, challenging sexual conduct standards. |
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| a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution stating that civil rights may not be denied on the basis of one's sex. |
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| "new breed" of young Western women who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing excessive makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles and otherwise flouting social and sexual norms |
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| erm popularized during the Harlem Renaissance implying a more outspoken advocacy of dignity and a refusal to submit quietly to the practices and laws of Jim Crow racial segregation. |
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| crash in stock market that stemmed from high tariffs, reparations in europe, all sorts of stuff. anyway it led to the great depression because no one trusted the stock market anymore. |
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| during crash of 1929 raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels |
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| Reconstruction Finance Corporation |
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| resolution to crash of 1929.independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover in 1932. It was modeled after the War Finance Corporation of World War I. The agency gave $2 billion in aid to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations, and other businesses. The loans were nearly all repaid. It was continued by the New Deal and played a major role in handling the Great Depression in the United States and setting up the relief programs that were taken over by the New Deal in 1933 |
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| group of World War I veterans who were hungry and wanted to cash the bonus certificates that they got from Congress for their wartime service. 20,000 who marched on Washington, but when only 2000 stayed, the President sent in the U.S. Army, who only left 300 wounded veterans. |
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| President during great depression era. created the new deal |
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| As U.S. secretary of labor 1933–45, she was the first woman to hold a federal cabinet post. She promoted the Social Security program and the minimum wage. |
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| First lady to FDR. very active as a first lady |
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| a migrant agricultural worker from Oklahoma who had been forced to leave during the Depression of the 1930s. |
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| controversial Roman Catholic priest at Royal Oak, Michigan's National Shrine of the Little Flower Church. He was one of the first political leaders to use radio to reach a mass audience, as more than thirty million tuned to his weekly broadcasts during the 1930s.[2] Early in his career Coughlin was a vocal supporter of Franklin D. Roosevelt and his early New Deal proposals, before later becoming a harsh critic of Roosevelt as too friendly to bankers. |
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| The Kingfish, served as the 40th Governor of Louisiana from 1928–1932 and as a U.S. Senator from 1932 to 1935. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid for 1936. |
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| Robert John Wagner (born February 10, 1930) is an American actor of stage, screen, and television. |
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| U.S. educator. In 1904, she founded the Daytona Normal and Industrial Institute for Negro Girls, which, with the Cookman Institute, became Bethune-Cookman College in 1923. Bethune was founder and first president 1935–49 of the National Council of Negro Women. |
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| John Collier (sculptor) (born 1948), American artist best known as the chief sculptor for the Catholic Memorial at Ground Zero |
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| 1st Baron (1883–1946), English economist. He laid the foundations of modern macroeconomics with The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936). |
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| alignment of interest groups and voting blocs that supported the New Deal and voted for Democratic presidential candidates from 1932 until the late 1960s. It made the Democratic Party the majority party during that period, losing only to Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956. |
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| FDR's solution to the great depression |
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| FDR's 1st 100 days in office. he was very productive |
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| term for a group of close advisors to a political candidate or incumbent, prized for their expertise in particular fields. The term is most associated with the group of advisors to Franklin Roosevelt during his presidential administration. More recently the use of the term has expanded to encompass any group of advisers to a decision maker, whether or not in politics. |
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| Emergency Banking Act of 1933 |
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Definition
| act of the United States Congress spearheaded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression. It was passed on March 9, 1933. The act allowed a plan that would close down insolvent banks and reorganize and reopen those banks strong enough to survive. |
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| Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation |
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| ody that underwrites most private bank deposits. |
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| FDR's radio program where he addressed the general american population about issues |
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| Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) |
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Definition
| law governing the secondary trading of securities (stocks, bonds, and debentures) in the United States of America. It was a sweeping piece of legislation. The Act and related statutes form the basis of regulation of the financial markets and their participants in the United States. |
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| Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) |
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Definition
| public work relief program in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men, ages 18–25, between 1933-42. A part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, it provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments. The CCC was designed to provide employment for young men in relief families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression while at the same time implementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and territory. |
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| Tennessee Valley Authority |
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Definition
| an independent federal government agency in the U.S., created in 1933 as part of the New Deal proposals. Responsible for the development of the whole Tennessee river basin, it provides one of the world's greatest irrigation and hydroelectric power systems. |
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| Agriculture Adjustment Act |
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Definition
| restricted agricultural production in the New Deal era by paying farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Its purpose was to reduce crop surplus so as to effectively raise the value of crops, thereby a portion of their fields lie fallow. |
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Term
| National Recovery Administration (NRA) |
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Definition
| was the primary New Deal agency established by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933. The goal was to eliminate cut-throat competition by bringing industry, labor and government together to create codes of fair practices and set prices. The NRA was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act and allowed industries to get together and write "codes of fair competition." The codes were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours, as well as minimum prices at which products could be sold. |
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Term
| Committee for Industrial Organization |
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Definition
| was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955. The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 required union leaders to swear that they were not Communists. Many CIO leaders refused to obey that requirement, later found unconstitutional. The CIO merged with the American Federation of Labor to form the AFL-CIO in 1955. |
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| United Auto Workers staged successful sit-down strikes in the 1930s, most famously in the Flint Sit-Down Strike of 1936-1937. In Flint, Michigan, strikers occupied several General Motors plants for more than forty days, and repelled the efforts of the police and National Guard to retake them. A wave of sit-down strikes followed, but diminished by the end of the decade as the courts and the National Labor Relations Board held that sit-down strikes were illegal and sit-down strikers could be fired. While some sit-down strikes still occur in the United States, they tend to be spontaneous and short-lived. |
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| employed by FDR during the Great Depression |
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| insurance for those without jobs (during the great depression) |
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| first known as the Federal Council of Negro Affairs, an informal group of African-American public policy advisors to United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It was supported by the first lady Eleanor Roosevelt. By mid-1935, there were 45 African Americans working in federal executive departments and New Deal agencies. |
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| also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or informally, the Indian New Deal, was a U.S. federal legislation which secured certain rights to Native Americans, including Alaska Natives.[1] These include activities that contributed to the reversal of the Dawes Act's privatization of common holdings of American Indians and a return to local self-government on a tribal basis. |
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| a party or coalition representing left-wing elements, in particular ( the Popular Front) an alliance of communist, radical, and socialist elements formed and gaining some power in countries such as France and Spain in the 1930s. |
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| federal statute of the United States. The FLSA established a national minimum wage, guaranteed 'time-and-a-half' for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor," a term that is defined in the statute. |
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| the lowest wage permitted by law or by a special agreement (such as one with a labor union). |
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| Federal Housing Authority |
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Definition
| United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934. It insured loans made by banks and other private lenders for home building and home buying. The goals of this organization are to improve housing standards and conditions, provide an adequate home financing system through insurance of mortgage loans, and to stabilize the mortgage market. |
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| U.S. general. Commander of U.S. (later Allied) forces in the southwestern Pacific during World War II, he accepted Japan's surrender in 1945 and administered the ensuing Allied occupation. He was in charge of UN forces in Korea 1950–51, before being forced to relinquish command by President Truman |
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| five-star general in the United States Army and the 34th President of the United States, from 1953 until 1961, and the last to be born in the 19th century. During World War II, he served as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe, with responsibility for planning and supervising the successful invasion of France and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. |
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| , U.S. labor and civil rights leader. Believing that unions would benefit African Americans, he founded the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters in 1928 and then served as its president until 1968. He was a major organizer of both the 1941 and 1963 marches on Washington. |
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| US navy base in Hawaii. bombed by Japanese on December 7th, 1941 |
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| foreign policy of the administration of United States President Franklin Roosevelt toward the countries of Latin America. Its main principle was that of non-intervention and non-interference in the domestic affairs of Latin America. It also reinforced the idea that the United States would be a “good neighbor” and engage in reciprocal exchanges with Latin American countries. Overall, the Roosevelt administration expected that this new policy would create new economic opportunities in the form of reciprocal trade agreements and reassert the influence of America in Latin America |
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Acts of Neutrality spurred by the growth in isolationism and non-interventionism in the US following its costly involvement in World War I, and sought to ensure that the US would not become entangled again in foreign conflicts.
The legacy of the Neutrality Acts in the 1930s was widely regarded as having been generally negative: they made no distinction between aggressor and victim, treating both equally as "belligerents"; and they limited the US government's ability to aid Britain against Nazi Germany. The acts were largely repealed in 1941, in the face of German submarine attacks on U.S. vessels and the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. |
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| an arrangement made in 1941 whereby the U.S. supplied military equipment and armaments to the UK and its allies, originally as a loan in return for the use of British-owned military bases. |
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| Atlantic Charter/Four Freedoms |
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Definition
| a declaration of eight common principles in international relations drawn up by Churchill and Roosevelt in August 1941, which provided the ideological basis for the United Nations organization. |
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| Japanese americans were rounded up and put in internment camps after pearl harbor |
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| 1944 supreme court decision upholding roosevelts statement that japanese internment was military necesity |
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Definition
| regulate the production and allocation of materials and fuel during World War II in the United States. The WPB converted and expanded peacetime industries to meet war needs, allocated scarce materials vital to war production, established priorities in the distribution of materials and services, and prohibited nonessential production. It rationed such things as gasoline, heating oil, metals, rubber |
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| The "march", or forcible transfer of 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners of war,[1] was characterized by wide-ranging physical abuse and murder, and resulted in very high fatalities inflicted upon prisoners and civilians alike by the armed forces of the Empire of Japan.[2] Beheading, throat-cutting, and shooting were common causes of death, in addition to death by bayonet, rape, disembowelment, rifle-butt beating, and deliberate starvation or dehydration on the week-long continual march in the tropical heat.Falling down or inability to continue moving was tantamount to a death sentence, as was any degree of protest. |
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| Between 4 and 7 June 1942, approximately one month after the Battle of the Coral Sea and six months after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States Navy decisively defeated an Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) attack against Midway Atoll, inflicting irreparable damage on the Japanese fleet.[8] Military historian John Keegan has called it "the most stunning and decisive blow in the history of naval warfare." |
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| victory overseas and victory in the states for blacks |
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Term
| Committee on Fair Employment Practices |
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Definition
| executive Order 8802 (also known as the Fair Employment Act) was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941 to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry. It was the first federal action, though not a law, to promote equal opportunity and prohibit employment discrimination in the United States. |
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Term
| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) |
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Definition
| U.S. civil rights organization that originally played a pivotal role for African-Americans in the Civil Rights Movement. Membership in CORE is still stated to be open to "anyone who believes that 'all people are created equal' and is willing to work towards the ultimate goal of true equality throughout the world." |
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| was an omnibus bill that provided college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s) as well as one year of unemployment compensation. It also provided many different types of loans for returning veterans to buy homes and start businesses. Since the original act, the term has come to include other veteran benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service. |
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| mass extermination of Jews, and other "undesirables" as deemed by the Nazis |
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| Germans marched 55 miles into ally territory and it was highest number of casualities for US, attacked from all sides, general pattons army came in, allies win, we keep going and kick germany's butt. |
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| a meeting between the Allied leaders Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin in February 1945 at Yalta, a Crimean port on the Black Sea. The leaders planned the final stages of World War II and agreed on the subsequent territorial division of Europe. |
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| an international organization of countries set up in 1945, in succession to the League of Nations, to promote international peace, security, and cooperation. |
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| the code name for the American project set up in 1942 to develop an atom bomb. The project culminated in 1945 with the detonation of the first nuclear weapon, at White Sands in New Mexico. |
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| 33rd president of the U.S. 1945–53. A Democrat, he served in the U.S. Senate 1934–45. As vice president 1945, he succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II. He authorized the use of the atom bomb against Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, initiated the Truman Doctrine in 1947, introduced the Marshall Plan in 1948, and helped to establish NATO the following year. The U.S. became involved in the Korean War in 1950. Truman's victory over Thomas E. Dewey in the 1948 presidential election was one of the closest in U.S. history. |
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| Had the idea of containment, where we wouldn't try to squash out communism all together, just keep it isolated in countries where it was happening. |
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| Wallace left his editorship position in 1948 to make an unsuccessful run as a Progressive Party candidate in the 1948 U.S. presidential election. With Idaho Democratic U.S. Senator Glen H. Taylor as his running mate, his platform advocated friendly relations with the Soviet Union, an end to the nascent Cold War, an end to segregation, full voting rights for blacks, and universal government health insurance. |
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Term
| George Marshall/Marshall plan |
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Definition
| marshall plan:a program of financial aid and other initiatives, sponsored by the U.S., designed to boost the economies of western European countries after World War II. It was originally advocated by Secretary of State George C. Marshall and passed by Congress in 1948. Official name European Recovery Program . |
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| U.S. baseball player and civil rights activist; full name Jack Roosevelt Robinson. Joining the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947, he became the first black player in the major leagues. In 1949, he led the National League with a .342 batting average and was named the league's Most Valuable Player. |
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| Joseph McCarthy/McCarthyism |
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Definition
| The complete anticommunism hysteria in the US during the Cold War |
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| Ethel and Julius Rosenberg |
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Definition
| American communists who were executed in 1953 for conspiracy to commit espionage. The charges related to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. This was the first execution of civilians for espionage in United States history. While now there is evidence against them, at the time there was very little proof for them to even have a trial |
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| Vietnam War. He initially escalated the conflict, overseeing incursions into neighboring countries, though American military personnel were gradually withdrawn and he successfully negotiated a ceasefire with North Vietnam in 1973, effectively ending American involvement in the war. His foreign policy initiatives were largely successful: his groundbreaking visit to the People's Republic of China in 1972 opened diplomatic relations between the two nations, and he initiated détente and the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty with the Soviet Union. |
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| Given by Winston Churchill--The concept of the Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological fighting and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1989. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances: |
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| George Kennan's idea that we wouldn't try to squash out communism all together, just keep it isolated in countries where it was happening. |
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| U.S. should give support to countries or peoples threatened by Soviet forces or communist insurrection. First expressed in 1947 by U.S. President Truman in a speech to Congress seeking aid for Greece and Turkey, the doctrine was seen by the communists as an open declaration of the Cold War. |
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Definition
| The Soviet halted all shipments to Berlin, and completely blocked the border, so the allies started flying in supplies. considered an international crisis |
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Term
| National Security Act of 1947 |
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Definition
| merged the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense. It was also responsible for the creation of a Department of the Air Force separate from the existing Army Air Forces. Initially, each of the three service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, but the act was amended on August 10, 1949, to assure their subordination to the Secretary of Defense. At the same time, the NME was renamed as the Department of Defense. The purpose was to unify the Army, Navy, and what was soon to become the Air Force into a federated structure. |
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Term
| National Security Act of 1947 |
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Definition
| merged the Department of War and the Department of the Navy into the National Military Establishment, headed by the Secretary of Defense. It was also responsible for the creation of a Department of the Air Force separate from the existing Army Air Forces. Initially, each of the three service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, but the act was amended on August 10, 1949, to assure their subordination to the Secretary of Defense. At the same time, the NME was renamed as the Department of Defense. The purpose was to unify the Army, Navy, and what was soon to become the Air Force into a federated structure. |
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Term
| North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
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Definition
| association of European and North American countries, formed in 1949 for the defense of Europe and the North Atlantic against the perceived threat of Soviet aggression. By 2005, the alliance consisted of 26 countries, including several eastern European nations. NATO's purpose is to safeguard member countries by political and military means. |
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Term
| Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |
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Definition
| civilian intelligence agency of the United States government, reporting to the Director of National Intelligence, responsible for providing national security intelligence assessment to senior United States policymakers. The CIA also engages in covert activities at the request of the President of the United States. |
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Definition
| The term "Third World" arose during the Cold War to define countries that remained non-aligned or not moving at all with either capitalism and NATO (which along with its allies represented the First World) or communism and the Soviet Union (which along with its allies represented the Second World) |
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Definition
| September 1945, United States President Harry Truman addressed Congress and presented a 21 point program of domestic legislation outlining a series of proposed actions in the fields of economic development and social welfare. The proposals to Congress became more and more abundant and by 1948 a legislative program that was more comprehensive came to be known as the Fair Deal. |
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Term
| President's Committee on Civil Rights |
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Definition
established by U.S. President Harry Truman's Executive Order 9808 on December 5, 1946. The committee was instructed to investigate the status of civil rights in the United States and propose measures to strengthen and protect the civil rights of American citizens. After the committee submitted a report of its findings to President Truman, it disbanded December 1947
charged with: (1) examining the condition of civil rights in the United States, (2) producing a written report of their findings, and (3) submitting recommendations on improving civil rights in the United States. In December 1947, the committee produced a 178 page report entitled To Secure These Rights: The Report of the President’s Committee on Civil Rights. In the report, it proposed to improve the existing civil rights laws; to establish a permanent Civil Rights Commission, Joint Congressional Committee on Civil Rights, and a Civil Rights Division in the Department of Justice; to develop federal protection from lynching; to create a Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC); to abolish poll taxes; and urged other measures |
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Term
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Definition
| monitors the activities and power of labor unions. The act, still effective, was sponsored by Senator Robert Taft and Representative Fred A. Hartley, Jr. and legislated by overriding U.S. President Harry S. Truman's veto on June 23, 1947; labor leaders called it the "slave-labor bill" while President Truman argued that it was a "dangerous intrusion on free speech," and that it would "conflict with important principles of our democratic society," Nevertheless, Truman would subsequently use it twelve times during his presidency.[ |
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Term
| House Un-American Activities Committee |
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Definition
| a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives established in 1938 to investigate subversives. It became notorious for its zealous investigations of alleged communists, particularly in the late 1940s, although it was originally intended to purs |
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Term
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Definition
| National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) was a 58-page formerly-classified report issued by the United States National Security Council on April 14, 1950, during the presidency of Harry S. Truman. |
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