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APUSH
AP US History terms - 1st set
198
History
11th Grade
01/20/2010
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Term
Mercantilism
 Definition
Economic philosophy or practice in which England established the colonies to provide raw materials to the Mother country; the colonies receive manufactured goods in return.
Term
Iroquois Confederation
 Definition
– The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalist in the American Revolution.
Term
Deism
 Definition
—18th Century (1700’s) concept which held that God created the world according to rational laws and that he was like a clockmaker who would not interfere in the natural order of things.
Term
Stamp Act
 Definition
prior to the American Revolution, the British instituted the __ __ which taxed all transactions involving paper without colonial consent. No other act outraged all 13 colonies than this one.
Term
Navigation Acts
 Definition
trade laws administered by GB in the 1600’s to enforce mercantilism on the Amer. Colonies.
Term
Great Awakening
 Definition
Major religious revival (1750-1770) prior to the American Revolution that furthered individualism, established authority and American nationalism.
Term
Albany Congress
 Definition
during the French and Indian war, Ben Franklin attempted to unify the colonies behind G.B. in its war against France.
Term
Boston Tea Party
 Definition
- organized by the sons of liberty, the __ __ __ eventually forced the British to pass the Coercive Acts in 1775.
Term
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
 Definition
First constitution in the colonies drafted that stated a government’s authority rests upon the consent of the governed and expressed the will of the majority.
Term
Proclamation of 1763
 Definition
A line drawn by the British gov’t that forbade colonist from settling the western lands won after the French and Indian War.
Term
John Locke
 Definition
Enlightenment philosoph whose ideas influenced T. Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence and Madison’s work on the Bill of Rights; specifically his ideas on Life, Liberty and Property.
Term
Townshend Acts
 Definition
named after the British political leader who wrongly believed that this external “tax” or “duty” would be accepted by the colonies.
Term
Virginia House of Burgesses
 Definition
First of the many mini legislatures created by the colonies that started the tradition of Salutary Neglect and home rule.
Term
Calvinism
 Definition
prevalent Puritan religious belief centered in the New England colonies that believed only the “elect” were predestined for salvation.
Term
Boston Massacre
 Definition
1770, street clash between townspeople and Irish soldiers ordered to guard British custom houses.
Term
Anne Hutchinsen
 Definition
Puritan dissenter that was banished by Governor Winthrop for teaching antinomianism.
Term
Halfway Covenant
 Definition
Used by Puritan Churches to bolster attendance but also keep political leadership under the control respectable families. Conversion needed but not “regeneration” to be a member of the congregation.
Term
Committees of Correspondence
 Definition
organized by Massachusetts in 1772 __ __ __ purpose was to keep a close watch on the British and report any violations on individual rights.
Term
Bacon’s Rebellion
 Definition
Disgruntled Virginia (Chesapeake) colonial farmers attempted to overthrow Gov. Berkeley in 1676 because of economic hardship and perceived failure with Indian raids and lack of women that could be married.
Term
Midnight Judges
 Definition
John Adams’ appointment of Federalist party members to federal courts before Thomas Jefferson took office in 1800.
Term
Great Compromise
 Definition
Also known as the Connecticut compromise, the __ __ established a bicameral legislature with proportional representation in the lower house (House Rep) and equal representation in the upper house [2 senators each state].
Term
Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions
 Definition
issued by Jefferson and Madison in response to President Adam’s passage of the Alien & Sedition Acts, the _____& _____ _____ advocated states rights to nullify laws they considered to be un-constitutional.
Term
Shay’s Rebellion
 Definition
debt- ridden farmers mounted a protest to foreclosures led by revolutionary war veterans; that demonstrated the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
Term
Pinckney’s Treaty
 Definition
1795 Treaty with Spain fearful of Jay Treaty with GB might threaten Spanish holdings in the West. Spain permitted U.S. navigation rights on the Mississippi and conceded U.S. right to lands east of the Mississippi.
Term
Republican Motherhood
 Definition
after the election of 1800 Jeffersonians promoted this as the ideal for women to raise their children with the idealism of the American nation.
Term
Olive Branch Petition—
 Definition
the 2nd Continental Congress sent this to King George III in hopes of reconciliation.
Term
Saratoga—
 Definition
Important battle of the Revolutionary War. The American victory encouraged France to aid colonial independence from Britain.
Term
XYZ Affair –
 Definition
Diplomatic incident involving the US and France in 1797-98. French officials of the Directory dubbed by _ _ _ demanded tribute money in exchange for not raiding American shipping.
Term
Articles of Confederation –
 Definition
First US government which was ineffectual in dealing with the nation’s financial and political problems because in lacked coercive power.
Term
Jay Treaty-
 Definition
the unpopular treaty with GB 1794-95 that was supposed to stop British impressments but did not. Brits did withdraw soldiers from the Northwest Territory.
Term
Whiskey Rebellion-
 Definition
Western Pennsylvania Farmers failed uprising against the Washington administration. They took up arms as a result of Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey in 1794
Term
Lewis and Clark –
 Definition
In 1804 Corps of Discovery surveyed and made scientific observations of the newly acquired Louisiana territory.
Term
Alexander Hamilton-
 Definition
Sec of Treasury under Washington and perhaps the greatest administrative genius in U.S. history. He was the father of the 1st National Bank, pro industry, nationalist and founder of the Federalist Party.
Term
The Federalist Papers—
 Definition
Jay, Madison, and Hamilton published a series of letters under the pseudonym “Publius” to help grow support for the ratification of the Constitution.
Term
Citizen Genet—
 Definition
French ambassador sent covertly to gain American support for Revolutionary France in its war against Britain. His actions angered Washington who had him expelled.
Term
Hartford Convention
 Definition
Meeting of New England Federalist who were opposed to the War of 1812 and wanted to seek a separate peace with Britain even if it meant seceding from the Union.
Term
War Hawks—
 Definition
Henry Clay and John C Calhoun were called __ __ for their support of the war of 1812 (Now a common term used for pro-war sentiment)
Term
Old National Road-
 Definition
(Cumberland Road) first of the internal improvements provided by congress in 1806 to help the colonization of the west. A toll bill linked to the road was vetoed by Monroe.
Term
Second Great Awakening—
 Definition
Religious revivals between 1800-1840 that lead to rise of major reform movements and utopian/religious sects like the Shakers, Mormons, Millerites et al.
Term
Corrupt Bargain
 Definition
the alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay in the Election of 1824 that stole the election from Andrew Jackson.
Term
American System 1819 –
 Definition
This was HENRY CLAY’S three part plan to improve the national economy through a 2nd National Bank, Internal Improvements, and Protective Tariffs.
Term
Missouri Compromise –
 Definition
HENRY CLAY proposed this bill in 1820 to solve the divisive issue of the expansion of slavery which threatened to upset the political balance in the Senate. This bill set the tone for the congressional actions prior to the Civil War.
Term
HENRY CLAY –
 Definition
Senator from Kentucky called the Great Compromiser because he was the author of the Missouri Compromise and other major political compromises between 1820 - 1850.
Term
Era of Good Feelings-
 Definition
Brief period of nationalism and patriotism that followed the American victory over the British in the War of 1812. It was marked by a spirit of cooperation on economic matters, internal improvements and westward expansion
Term
Tippecanoe—
 Definition
Harrison’s victory over Tecumseh (Shawnee) in Indiana in 1811 became the slogan of his presidential bid in 1840.
Term
Alexis De Tocqueville—
 Definition
French liberal politician who observed the evolution of American political thought, customs and social interaction in the 1830’s. His book Democracy in America is still considered one the most accurate primary sources on American culture.
Term
Monroe Doctrine-
 Definition
Announcement made during the Era of Good Feelings because the U.S. feared that the Concert of Europe might intervene in Latin American revolutions-U.S. stood opposed to any further colonization in western hemisphere and would not intervene in European affairs.
Term
John Marshall—
 Definition
Most important Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who kept the Federalist ideals alive long after the party faded into history.
Term
Marbury v. Madison—
 Definition
(Marshall’s) Landmark supreme court case that established the principle of judicial review.
Term
McCulloch v. Maryland-
 Definition
Established the principle of implied powers and upheld the constitutionality of the bank. “the power to tax is the power to destroy”.
Term
52 Logrolling (Pork Barrel Politics)—
 Definition
Mutual assistance in the passage of legislation so that one member of Congress votes for a colleague’s bill in return for his/her support on their bill.
Term
53 Horace Mann-
 Definition
during the age of reform 1825-1859 he was an outspoken reformer who focused on education
Term
54 Doctrine of Separate Spheres—
 Definition
19th century belief that men were superior in worldly pursuits and women were superior in their moral influences
Term
55 McGuffy Readers—
 Definition
1836-1870 these were used by schools to expose children to a common curriculum that preached honesty, industry (hard work), and patriotism.
Term
56 Cotton Whigs and Conscience Whigs—
 Definition
Southern Whigs who supported slavery and Northern Whigs who opposed slavery.
Term
57 Onieda Community –
 Definition
socio religious group of “perfectionists”. Began in 1848 its members shared property, complex marriage, and raising of the children in communal form to reach a utopian society.
Term
58 Free Soil Party 1847/48-
 Definition
political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery into the western territories.
Term
59 Nat Turner—
 Definition
Slave who led a bloody revolt in 1831 and who believed he was divinely inspired to kill his master and other slave owners. 60 men women and children were killed by his band. Southern states wrote more restrictive slave laws limiting the movement of slaves.
Term
60 Peculiar Institution—
 Definition
the historical term used to identify slavery prior to the Civil War.
Term
61 Manifest Destiny—
 Definition
An almost religious belief prior to the Mexican American War that the U.S. should possess the N. American continent from east to west.
Term
62 Fugitive Slave Law-
 Definition
the most controversial portion of the compromise of 1850. It allowed southern slave holders to retrieve escaped slaves in the north.
Term
63 Wilmot Proviso (1846)—
 Definition
This bill was presented during the Mexican-American War. It stipulated that none of the territory acquired should be opened to slavery.
Term
64 Know Nothing Party—
 Definition
Secretive Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840’s and early 1850’s. Officially called the American Party.
Term
65 Pet Banks—
 Definition
Andrew Jackson (Old Hickory) opposition to National Bank (Henry Clay) prompted him to remove Federal deposits and place them in State Banks or ___ ____.
Term
66 Seneca Falls –
 Definition
1st national meeting for women’s suffrage held in 1848. Elizabeth Cady Stanton issued the “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for the equality of the sexes.
Term
67 Whig Party—
 Definition
the political party formed as the anti-Jackson party by Henry Clay and supporters of the American System, and southern “states rights” advocates.
Term
68 Robert Fulton—
 Definition
Creator of the American steamboat who started the era of commercial steam navigation.
Term
69 Nullification Crisis—
 Definition
1832-33 was over the tariff policy of the Fed. Gov’t, during Jackson’s presidency which prompted South Carolina to threaten the use of NULLIFICATION, possible secession and Andrew Jackson’s determination to end with military force.
Term
70 Henry David Thoreau—
 Definition
A transcendentalist who wrote the essay “Civil Disobedience” which outlined his protest to the Mexican American war. This essay later influenced non-violent protests by Gandhi and M.L. King Jr.
Term
71 Underground Railroad—
 Definition
A network of safe houses used by abolitionist to aid the escape of Southern Slaves into the North.
Term
72 Frederick Douglas-
 Definition
escaped slave who became a leading figure in the anti slavery movement.
Term
73 Compromise of 1850-
 Definition
controversial bill which allowed CA to enter the union as a free state while agreeing to some southern demands on slavery issues.
Term
74 Abolitionists-
 Definition
anti slavery activists who demanded the immediate end of slavery.
Term
75 Mexican/American War-
 Definition
a war fought on the principle of “manifest destiny” and supported by southern planters desiring to expand the cotton culture. Was opposed by the Northeast who thought war was “unrighteous and gave the south more political power.
Term
76 “54 40 or Fight”—
 Definition
slogan used by pro-war westerners wanting a war with GB for all of the Oregon territory in the 1840’s.
Term
77 Samuel Slater-
 Definition
Induced by American textile industries, he left England with the memorized knowledge on how to build a textile factory.
Term
78 Panics of 1819, 1837, 1857, 1873, 1883, 1893—
 Definition
Economic Depression brought about by over speculation in land or rail roads on a cycle of 20 to 10 years.
Term
79 American System—
 Definition
This was Henry Clay’s three part plan to improve the U.S. economic condition through the 2nd National Bank, internal improvements and protective tariffs.
Term
80 American Temperance Society—
 Definition
First national organization to protest the abuse of alcohol. They demanded the “total” abstinence and pressured churches to expel members who condoned alcohol.
Term
81 Dorethea Dix –
 Definition
Unitarian Sunday School teacher who during the age of reform worked for better treatment for the mentally insane.
Term
82 Liberator –
 Definition
Anti-Slavery (Abolitionist) newspaper founded by New Englander William Lloyd Garrison/Liberator were outspoken and controversial because of their unwavering stand on slavery.
Term
83 Sectionalism—
 Definition
Term used to describe the regions (Northeast, South & West) and differing economic, social and cultural systems and interests prior the Civil War.
Term
84 Antietam –
 Definition
Bloodiest single day of fighting during the Civil War resulted in a draw and prompted Lincoln to issue the Emancipation Proclamation.
Term
85 Emancipation Proclamation—
 Definition
Issued by Lincoln, the ____ ____ freed slaves only in the states under rebellion.
Term
86 King Cotton—
 Definition
Term used to describe the dominance of the South’s cash crop (Cotton) on politics, agriculture, and society prior to the Civil War in the Ante-Bellum South.
Term
87 Wade Davis Bill-
 Definition
radical reconstruction plan with the far reaching punitive measures against the southern states and their eventual readmission into the union.
Term
88 Copperheads-
 Definition
Northern democrats who opposed the civil war and were also referred to as peace democrats.
Term
89 Anaconda Plan-
 Definition
the union (Northern) plan devised by General Winfield Scott to blockade the south and restrict its trade to win the war.
Term
90 Kansas-Nebraska Act—
 Definition
Stephen Douglas’ attempt to allow popular sovereignty to decide the slavery issue in the territories in exchange for the Trans-Continental Rail Road linking California and Illinois.
Term
91 Lincoln - Douglas Debates –
 Definition
Seven debates for the Illinois senate in 1858. This was the last peaceful debate over slavery prior to the Civil War.
Term
92 Black Codes-
 Definition
passed by southern “Johnson” governments to force Freedmen back on the plantations.
Term
93 Stephen A Douglas (the little giant)-
 Definition
senator and presidential candidate from ILL. who authored the Kansas- Nebraska Act to benefit his political career.
Term
94 Bleeding Kansas—
 Definition
Conflict over the expansion of slavery into the Kansas Territory during its transition to statehood. Free-Staters battled slavery supporters with violence.
Term
95 John Brown—
 Definition
Fanatic anti-slavery leader who attempted to start a massive slave uprising by seizing the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in 1859.
Term
96 Fall of Atlanta—
 Definition
Major turning point of the Civil War when Sherman’s Union Army victory insured the re-election of Abe Lincoln.
Term
97 Uncle Tom’s Cabin—
 Definition
Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in response to the Fugitive Slave Law __ __ __ is considered to have been one of the most effective Anti-Slavery statements made prior to the Civil War.
Term
98 Brooks/Sumner Episode-
 Definition
a bloody altercation between a southern congressman and a northern senator in the senate chamber in 1856.
Term
99 Dred Scott Case-
 Definition
1857 Supreme Court case that developed the fact that slaves were property not persons entitled to constitutional rights. It was the second Supreme Court decision to declare a law unconstitutional—Missouri Compromise
Term
100 Andrew Johnson-
 Definition
vice president who succeeded Lincoln after the assassination and was the first president to be impeached.
Term
101 Forgettable Presidents-
 Definition
term applied to the U.S. presidents between Grant and Roosevelt. (Hayes, Cleveland, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, McKinnley) Because business men dominated the National scene.
Term
102 Compromise of 1877-
 Definition
the ___ ___ ___ resolved the disputed election of 1876 between Sam Tilden and Rutherford B Hayes.
Term
103 Gospel of Wealth—
 Definition
Belief that those blessed with great wealth earned it through Darwinist competition but also were obligated to improve society and mankind through philanthropy.
Term
104 Scalawag—
 Definition
A southern supporter of northern “Carpet Bag” governments during Reconstruction in the South.
Term
105 Stalwart—
 Definition
A supporter of the Republican Party during the Gilded Age who supported the Spoils System, Protective Tariffs, and Hard Money; he opposed reform.
Term
106 Reconstruction—
 Definition
The period following the Civil War in which the devastated Southern States were slowly restored economically, politically and socially.
Term
107 Jim Crow Laws—
 Definition
Laws enforcing segregation or control of Blacks in such a manner as to make them unequal after reconstruction.
Term
108 Pinkerton—
 Definition
“Detective” agency or private police hired by the Federal Gov’t to guard the President prior to 1865 and used by business owners to intimidate Unions with strong arm tactics.
Term
109 Knights of Labor—
 Definition
early American labor union that failed to achieve economic and social acceptance because its members were unskilled, expendable and “un-American”. The union was prone to violence, linked to communism, and anarchism.
Term
110 Waving the bloody shirt—
 Definition
an expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.
Term
111 Grantism-
 Definition
a 19th century term for political corruption during the Gilded Age. Which included bribery scandals, abuses of the spoils system and political cronyism.
Term
112 Tweed Ring—
 Definition
During the Gilded Age it was the notorious Tammany Hall political machine led by “Boss” William Marcy Tweed. In two years it defrauded the City of $200,000,000 1868-71.
Term
113 Dawes Act—
 Definition
Bill that attempted to pacify the plains Indians by giving them land to farm. Many Indians sold their land for alcohol.
Term
114 Pendleton Act-
 Definition
this act sought to end the abuses of the spoils system and was passed by Grover Cleveland. It mandated civil service exams for employment in the government.
Term
115 Greenback-
 Definition
paper money issued during the civil war to help finance the war effort and stabilize the economy
Term
116 Vertical and Horizontal Integration-
 Definition
two forms of monopolistic system used by the “captains of industry” in the U.S from the 1870’s to 1900 to control production and sale. (Horizontal = mine to market) (Vertical = specialized in one particular aspect of business such as refining of raw materials)
Term
117 Redeemers-
 Definition
southern political movement that sought and did return “home rule” to the southern states during reconstruction
Term
118 Thomas Nast –
 Definition
Political cartoonist who’s work exposed the abuses of the Tweed ring, criticized the South’s attempts to impede Reconstruction, and lampooned labor unions. Created the animal symbols of the Democratic and republican parties.
Term
119 Robber Barons –
 Definition
The term used to describe the Gilded Age monopolist for their Social Darwinist practices who referred to themselves as “Captains of Industry.”
Term
120 Grangers –
 Definition
The Patrons of Husbandry or farmers organized against rail road abuses. Similar group to the Farmers Alliance.
Term
121 Social Darwinism-
 Definition
19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.
Term
122 The USS MAINE
 Definition
American battleship that blew up in Havana, Cuba, and ultimately started the Spanish – American War of 1898 “To hell with Spain! Remember the Maine!”
Term
123 Alfred Thayer Mahan
 Definition
Naval historian who influenced American Imperialism and a world wide naval arms race with his support of large capital ships (battleships) and large navies to protect overseas colonial holdings & trade.
Term
124 Open Door Policy—
 Definition
Sec. of State John Hay’s plan in 1899 to give all countries equal trading rights with China and respect Chinese sovereignty. Derived from his “____ _ _- Notes” which closed the door to the European/Japanese “spheres of influence”.
Term
125 Wounded Knee—
 Definition
The battle of ___ ___ was the last major battle between the Native Americans and the U.S. Army in 1890. U.S army reacted to the ghost dance religion of the Sioux tribe.
Term
126 Dollar Diplomacy –
 Definition
a type of economic imperialism in which the Taft administration’s use of monetary power to create dependency among Latin Amer. Countries to the U.S.
Term
127 Roosevelt Corollary (to the Monroe Doctrine)-
 Definition
U.S. promised to intervene in Latin American affairs if its “police powers” needed to be used.
Term
128 John Dewey—
 Definition
Progressive educator who believed in Child Centered Learning or learning by doing to indoctrinate children to progressivism. Wrote the book Democracy in Education.
Term
129 New Immigrant—
 Definition
Term applies to southern and eastern European immigrants that came to American cities in the 1890’s.
Term
130 Clayton Anti-Trust Act—
 Definition
Signed into law by President Wilson the __ __ __ was considered to be the “Magna Carta of Labor”. It outlawed restraining orders (Injunctions). Its primary purpose was to outlaw price discrimination and interlocking directorates.
Term
131 Yellow Journalism—
 Definition
Sensational newspaper reporting by William Randolf Hearst and Jay Pulitzer’s news journals that helped instigate a war with Spain.
Term
132 De lome Letter—
 Definition
Spanish Ambassador’s letter that was illegally removed from the U.S. Mail and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Used by war hawks as a pretext for war in 1898.
Term
133 Sherman Silver Purchase Act 1890—
 Definition
Passed to appease pro-silver interests in the Midwest (Farmers), the act created inflation and lowered Gold Reserves thus causing the panic of 1893.
Term
134 American Federation of Labor—(AFL)
 Definition
was the first successful trade union that succeeded in bringing acceptance to unions because its members were skilled and were willing to avoid strikes through “collective bargaining” .
Term
135 Coxey’s Army—
 Definition
these were hundreds of unemployed laborers led by a populist businessman on a march to Washington D.C. to demand a work relief program. They were met disperesed they arrived and the leaders were arrested.
Term
136 The Jungle—
 Definition
Muckracker Upton Sinclair wrote the ____ during the progressive era. It prompted President T. Roosevelt to sign the Meat Inspection Act.
Term
137 NAWSA-
 Definition
National American Women Suffrage Association
Term
138 Sherman Anti Trust Act-
 Definition
passed to curb the abuses of big business in 1890, it was instead used to break up labor unions by claiming unions were a “labor trust”.
Term
139 Hull House-
 Definition
during the industrial Rev. Jane Addams founded___ ___ a settlement house that offered social programs for immigrants.
Term
140 Populists –
 Definition
American political movement the began in the Midwest among agrarian interest who believed the money supply was too restrictive (Hard Money) and demanded monetary reform (coinage of Silver). Their support of socialist ideas laid the groundwork for the “progressive” movement.
Term
141 New Nationalism –
 Definition
Slogan for the reform program of Teddy Roosevelt and the Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party) in the election of 1913.
Term
142 Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896—
 Definition
Supreme Court Case that upheld Jim Crow segregation laws as legal so as they were “equal”.
Term
143 Economy of Scale –
 Definition
Economic philosophy during the Industrial revolution that understood that volume of production lessens the costs to produce and drives down prices and increases demand.
Term
144 WEB Dubois—
 Definition
Progressive author and founder of the NAACP who thought that blacks would be best served by the “talented 10th” and receive government aid to gain equality.
Term
145 Scientific Management –
 Definition
(1883) Frederick Taylor’s introduction of the _ _ helped industrial engineers to produce more efficient factories.
Term
146 Booker T Washington—
 Definition
African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.
Term
147 Triangle Shirtwaist Fire-
 Definition
1911 death of 145 people (mostly young immigrant girls) burned to death, crushed to death by leaping out of windows etc. Resulted in stronger building codes.
Term
148 Wilson-Gorman Tariff 1894—
 Definition
Protective tariff that was passed to ease the Panic of 1893—It had an amendment on it that created a graduated income tax.
Term
149 Big Stick Policy—
 Definition
nickname of Teddy Roosevelt’s bold foreign policy (gun boat diplomacy) in Latin America
Term
150 Interstate Commerce Act 1887-
 Definition
this act created a commission (the ICC) to check and regulate RR abuses- rates, rebates, discrimination, and required annual reports and financial statement.
Term
151 Committee on Public Information—
 Definition
the US propaganda office in WWI
Term
159 Doughboy
 Definition
U.S. Soldier sent to fight in France during WWI
Term
152 Hooverizing—
 Definition
Voluntary rationing of food stuffs during WWI named after Herbert Hoover the head of the Food Administration.
Term
153 Rugged Individualism
 Definition
the principle of strong self reliance in Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier thesis and used as a theme to the Harding election campaign of 1920.
Term
154 Speakeasies—
 Definition
Illegal, yet popular, bars that sold liquor during Prohibition in the 1920’s.
Term
155 Teapot Dome Scandal-
 Definition
the unlawful leasing of public oil fields to private business during the Harding administration.
Term
156 Sussex Pledge-
 Definition
Germany pledged to stop the use of unrestricted submarine warfare during WWI when the United States protested the sinking of unarmed ships.
Term
157 Nye committee-
 Definition
1930’s senate investigation that linked economic interests in the U.S. to the U.S. entry into WW1.
Term
158 Marcus Garvey—
 Definition
Founder of UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) and the Motherland Africa movement in the 1920’s. He was jailed for fraud.
Term
159 Volstead Act—
 Definition
The act that was passed to define what “Hard Liquor” was and set up the law enforcement apparatus to police prohibition.
Term
160 Lost Generation--
 Definition
Alienated authors disillusioned with the 1920—conformity and culture including Faulkner, Fitzgerald, Hemingway and Gertrude Stein.
Term
161 Harlem Renaissance—
 Definition
African American art, music and literature that flourished in the 1920’s in New York City.
Term
162 League Of Nations-
 Definition
an organization of states proposed by Woodrow Wilson in 1919 that would provide “collective security” against war.
Term
163 Wobblies –
 Definition
WWI Industrial Workers of the World. A “revolutionary” leftist labour union opposed to the U.S. entry in to WWI and the use of the Selective Services Act (draft).
Term
164 Fourteen Points—
 Definition
In 1919 President Woodrow Wilson proposed this plan to the Allied Powers to avoid future wars.
Term
165 War Industries Board—
 Definition
The W I B was headed by Bernard Baruch. It used the power of the Federal Gov’t to fix prices, determining production and develop new industry.
Term
166 2nd New Deal-
 Definition
Legislative program focusing on REFORM begun by FDR in 1935 when the first attempt to end the Depression failed.
Term
167 Huey Long-
 Definition
Gov. of Louisiana during the great depression he criticized FDR for not going far enough. His “share the wealth” program demanded all incomes exceeding $ 1 million be confiscated.
Term
168 Manhattan Project—
 Definition
The most expensive and important U.S. research project during WWII, it developed the A-bomb.
Term
169 Good Neighbor Policy-
 Definition
part of the new deal’s foreign policy which aimed at strengthening U.S. ties with Latin America.
Term
170 Cash and Carry Policy-
 Definition
F.D.R’s polcy of supplying G.B and easing U.S non interventionist fears of war, While violating the neutrality acts.
Term
171 GI bill-
 Definition
passed by congress during WW2 the ___ __ provided monies for vets to adjust to post war life.
Term
172 Fireside Chats—
 Definition
President F.D. Roosevelt’s weekly radio addresses to the nation during the Great Depression.
Term
173 Isolationism—
 Definition
The unofficial U.S. foreign policy adopted after WWI and lasted until U.S. was drawn into WWII.
Term
174 Wagner Act (NLR Act) –
 Definition
Passed by new Dealers, the _ _ granted labour the right to organize, and use collective bargaining. The National Labor Relations Act established a gov’t board to ensure democratic elections in Unions.
Term
175 First 100 Days –
 Definition
The first executive driven relief and recovery actions taken by FDR during the Depression after his inauguration in 1933.
Term
176 Fair Labor Standards Act –
 Definition
2nd New Deal reform measure that outlawed child labour, established a minimum wage, and a 40 hour work week.
Term
178 Three R’s –
 Definition
Relief, Recovery, and Reform. The purpose of FDR’s New Deal measures to combat the three D’s – Depression, Decline, and Despair.
Term
179 Marshall Plan –
 Definition
The economic aid provided to European Nations shortly after WWII to help stop the spread and CONTAIN Communism and rebuild the worn and torn economies of Western
Term
180 Keynesian Economies-
 Definition
Government spending during depression periods and high taxes during periods of boom.(Tax and Spend)
Term
181 Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam—
 Definition
the three most important allied conferences of WWII
Term
194 Fair Deal—
 Definition
Truman’s domestic program to head off a post war depression and address important social issues facing the nation.
Term
195 Taft-Hartly Act 1947—
 Definition
Republican sponsored anti-union legislation that prohibited “closed shops” and allowed states to pass “right-to-work” laws.
Term
196 Truman Doctrine-
 Definition
the doctrine, enunciated by Harry Truman in 1947, that the United States would provide economic aid to countries that said they were threatened by communist expansion.
Term
197 HUAC-
 Definition
late 1940’s early 1950’s Red scare investigation called the House of Un-American Activities Committee.
Term
198 Harry Truman-
 Definition
the U.S. president that ordered the use of the atomic bomb.
Term
199 Dixiecrats-
 Definition
led by Strom Thurmond southern democrats who opposed Truman’s desegregation of the U.S. army and his policy forward race relations.
Term
200 NATO-
 Definition
North Atlantic Treaty Organization- a mutual defense pact formed in 1949 by the U.S and major western European countries.
Term
201 Containment-
 Definition
the U.S. foreign policy adopted by the Truman Administration in which the U.S. would limit communism to those countries where it already existed.
Term
202 Sputnik—
 Definition
First artificial satellite launched into space by the USSR in 1957. Began the space race between the U.S. and Russia plus a great deal of hysteria and fear of nuclear war
Term
203 SCLC
 Definition
Southern Christian Leadership Conference was the Civil Rights organization founded by M.L. King Jr. in 1956
Term
204 Massive Retaliation –
 Definition
John Foster Dulles advice and policy during the Eisenhower years to use the threat of nuclear war to prevent war and the spread of Communism. Later called MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction).
Term
205 Satelites—
 Definition
Soviet controlled Eastern European Nations during the Cold War 1945-1989
Term
206 U-2 Spy Plane-
 Definition
U.S. spy plane shot down over the USSR which ended a move toward “rapprochement” at the end of the Eisenhower administration.
Term
207 Dwight E. Eisenhower (IKE)
 Definition
popular “middle of the road” conservative president and one time supreme allied commander in Europe during WWII.
Term
208 Alger Hiss—
 Definition
controversial case involving 1950s red scare, when he perjured himself before a congressional investigation.
Term
209 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg—
 Definition
First two American citizens executed during peacetime for giving atomic bomb secrets to the Soviets. Fueled anti-communist hysteria known as McCarthyism.
Term
210 Korean War—
 Definition
First test of the Truman Doctrine and the UN intervention when communist aggression threatened the Far East.
Term
National Bank
 Definition

 

Alexander Hamilton’s_______ was established to improve the national economy, but it also created a constitutional crisis on interpretation of the U.S. constitution.

 
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