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| a huge, rocky region that curves around Hudson Bay like a giant horseshoe. The Shield covers half the land area of Canada. Probably the first part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level. |
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| Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until they were conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The _____ developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains. |
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| Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies. |
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| (c. 1100 A.D.) Mississippian settlement near present-day East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans. |
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| Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans and squash were grown together to maximize yields. |
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| In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original producers of goods and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. After the eleventh century, European exploration was driven in large part by a desire to acquire alluring Asian goods without paying heavy tolls to Muslim middlemen. |
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| Small regular vessel with a high deck and three triangular sails. _____ could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the Western shores of Africa, previously made inaccessible due to prevailing winds on the homeward journey. |
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| Large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor. European settlers established plantations in Africa, South America, the Caribbean and the American South |
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The transfer of goods, crops and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.
Treaty of |
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| (1494),Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia. |
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| Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan empires. |
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| European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism. |
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| Spanish government's policy to "commend," or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland. |
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| Aztecs attacked Hernán Cortés and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochitlán, killing hundreds. Cortés laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec Empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule. |
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| People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico. |
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| (1599)Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Oñate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609. |
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| (1680)Pueblo Indian rebellion which drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico. |
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| False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ. |
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| king of Spain; married Isabella of Castile which united the nation in the late 15th century |
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| queen of Spain; married Ferdinand of Aragon which united the nation in the late 15th century |
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| Italian seafarer who sailed for Spain; sighted an island in the Bahamas on October 12, 1492 seeking a new water route to the Indies; thought Americas were the Indies |
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| Spanish conquistador who conquered Incas (in Peru) in 1532, adding to Spain's amount of silver |
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| Spanish missionary who was appalled by the encomienda system in Hispaniola and called it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan" |
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| Spaniard who conquered Aztecs in Mexico 1519-1521; had two interpreters with him |
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| Aztec chieftain who allowed the Spaniards to approach his capital (was conquered) |
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| John Cabot was an English explorer sent by King Henry VII to explore the new world in 1497 |
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| Robert de La Salle was responsible for naming Louisiana. He was the first European to float down the Mississippi river to the tip from Canada and upon seeing the beautiful river valley named Louisiana after his king Louis XIV in 1682. |
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| Spanish missionary who founded Franciscan missions in California (1713-1784) |
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| the movement in which it was thought that the Catholic church needed to be revived; leaders included Martin Luther, John Calvin, and King Henry VIII |
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| Established in 1587. Called the Lost Colony. It was financed by Sir Walter Raleigh, and its leader in the New World was John White. All the settlers disappeared, and historians still don't know what became of them. |
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| panish fleet (made by Phillip II) that was conquered by smaller, swifter English ships and a storm in 1588; marked the beginning of the end of Spanish imperial dreams and ensured English naval dominance in the North Atlantic |
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eldest son receives all of the inheritance; forced younger sibling to look for wealth elsewhere (America)
royal charter |
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a company made up of a group of shareholders; ex. Virginia Company
King James I |
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| oyal document granting a specified group the right to form a colony and guaranteeing settlers their rights as English citiznes |
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| 1st permanent British colony in the New World. Founded by Virginia Company and received charter from King James I. |
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| Anglo-Powhatan War of 1614 |
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| Relations between colonists and Indians went bad, as Indians felt taken advantage of. Food was raided |
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| Second Anglo-Powhatan War of 1644 |
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n 1622 Indians attacked killing 347 settlers dead including John Rolfe. Resulted in Second war 1644-1646.
End of war banished Chesapeake Indians from their ancestral lands. |
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| Maryland statute which guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty to Jews and atheist and others who did not believe in the divinity of Jesus Christ |
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| Barbados Slave Code of 1661 |
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By mid 17th century slaves outnumbered white settlers by nearly 4 to 1.
These slave codes denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves. |
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| Someone who settles on land they do not own. |
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| 1711, in North Carolina, Tuscarora Indians tire of British abuse and rise up but are put down by the British in 1713 |
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| Defeated by the south Carolinans in the war of 1715-1716. The Yamasee defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the Southern colonies. |
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| a colony to protect the more valuable Carolinas from Spanish Florida and French Louisiana. |
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a powerful group of Native Americans in the eastern part of the United States made up of five nations: the Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondoga, and Oneida
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| king of Englad; broke with Roman church in 1530s, launching English Protestant Reformation; led to battle between Catholics and Protestants in England |
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| queen of England in 1558; Protestant; Protestantism became dominant in England (increasing rivalry with Catholic Spain |
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| Sir Humphrey Gilbert's brother; tried another English attempt at colonization; landed in 1585 on North Carolina's Roanoke Island |
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| wanted to spread Protestantism and seize Spanish treasure; circumnavigated the globe |
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| English soldier, philanthropist, and colonizer. In 1732, he secured a charted for the colony of Georgia as a refuge for unemployed debtors |
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| as an English soldier, sailor, and author. He is remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America |
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Chief of local Indians.
Wanted peaceful relations at first
Settlers took advantage and relations deteriorated |
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Powhatan's daughter.
"saved" John Smith from execution
Married colonist John Rolfe which ended the first Anglo-Powhatan war in 1614. |
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| Leader of relief party arrived at Jamestown in 1610. |
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Child of tobacco
Virginia planter
1612 began to grow tobacco, |
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Founded Maryland in 1634 as Catholic Haven.
Second plantation colony to be formed. |
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