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| Treaty of Tordesillas (1493) |
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| Divides Spanish and Portuguese claims in the Western Hemisphere; Spain and Protugal take leading roles in exploring the New World |
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| Spain's tightly controlled empire in the New World; rely on Native American slaves on ecomiendas for labor; switched to African slave labor due to death of Native Americans |
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| Export more than it imported to maintain a favorable balance trade; believed economy should be regulated by government |
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| Defeated by English fleet; increases English naval power and brings about declines of Spanish empire |
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| Wished to reform the Church of England; sought to make it "pure"; ideals seen in self-reliance, fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism |
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| Joint-stock company with colonies in New Amsterdam; profitable fur trade with the Native American Iroquois |
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| Selected Roanoke to be first English settlement; colony disappeared and English colonization halted for fifteen years |
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| St. Augustine, Florida (1589) |
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| French protestants established colony; Spanish had control of Florida and reacted violently to newcomers |
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| Sought trade, exploration, and colonization overseas; Jamestown (1607) was first charter colony |
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| Bad location and hostile relations with Native Americans; John Smith's leadership kept the colony from collapsing |
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| People received passage to the New World in exchange for years of labor; system had harsh treatment and many were kept in servitude longer than their contracts |
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| Created process for curing tobacco, which led to economic success in Jamestown |
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| House of Burgesses (1619) |
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| Reresentative assembly in Virginia; seats limited to voting members of charter colony; maintained rights of colonists |
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| Promised 50 acres of land to emigrate to America; wealthy able to obtain large amounts of land for bring servants |
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| Founded Separatits; who wanted to separate form the Church of England; travelled over to American on the Mayflower; formed the Mayflower Compact, which called for a government guided majority |
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| Massachusetts Bay Company (1629) |
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| Joint-stock company charted by Puritans; led by John Winthrop who believed they should be a model Christian society; government included a governer and a representative assembly |
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| Founded by Dutch patrons; destroyed by Native American attacks; switched ownership between Dutch and English, ending with English ownership in 1974 |
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| Became refuge for English Catholics; religious toleration and representative assembly |
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| Banished from Massachusetts Bay Colony for believing she had special revelations from God; founded a colony in present day Rhode Island |
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| Expelled form Massachusetts Bay Colony for having extreme views on religious observance; founded Providence which combined with nearby colonies to form Rhode Island (1644); complete religious tolerance |
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| Maryland Act of Toleration (1694) |
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| Granted religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland; set precedent for characterization of United States |
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| Founded by Thomas Hooker and large group of Puritans; formed set of laws known as the Fundamental Orders; which provided for a representative government by those able to vote |
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| Land rewarded to loyal noblemen by King Charles II; planned a hierarchical society; unable to grow rice and Indigo, the colonies grew slowly |
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| New York and New Jersey (1664) |
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| British conquered the Dutch lands and King Charles II gave the lands to his brother James; colonists called for self-government, which James initially agreed to and then broke his promise |
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| Pacifist who's believed human religious institutions were unnecessary; opposed slavery and bad treatment of Native Americans |
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| Founded Pennsylvania (1682) as a refuge for Quakers; representative assembly and full religious freedom |
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| Major English philosopher of the Enlightenment; believed in Natural Law, which was the rights of life, liberty, and property; government needs to uphold the Natural Law |
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| European merchants bought African slaves with goods manufactured in Europe, these merchants sold the slaves in the Caribbean for commodities like sugar, cotton and tobacco, Caribbean commodities sold in Europe and North America |
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| New World goods could only be sent o England or another New World Port; increased tension between colonies and England; boosted prosperity in New England, but hurt the Chesapeake region |
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| Nathaniel Bacon was angered by Virginia's Royal Governor Berkeley inability to prevent attacks from the Native Americans; gathered forces of poor blacks and whites, setting fire to Jamestown |
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| Established as a royal colony by King Charles II; economically dependent on Massachusetts; one person ruled both colonies |
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| Glorious Revolution (1688) |
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| Replaced King James II with William and and Mary; uprisings in New York and Maryland against royal governors led to overthrow of the Dominion of New England, which was the central authority imposed by Enland and the Colonies |
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| Decision by Puritan colony churches to allow the grandchildren of those who had the personal experience of conversion to participate in select church affairs |
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| Salem Witch Trials (1692) |
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| Young girls accused neighbors of being witches; around 20 people were condemned and executed |
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| Philosophy was that human reason was adequate to solve mankind's problem, and much less faith was needed in God; New World's seed to culture, intellectualism, and society |
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| Chartered by James Oglethorpe; served as buffer between South Carolinea and Spanish-held Florida; elaborate regularions led to little settlement |
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| His acquittal of charge in New York City established a legal precedent for the freedom of press |
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| The First Great Awakening (1720s-1740s) |
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| Series of religious revivals throughout the colonies |
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| Meeting of delegates of seven colonies in New York; Benjamin Franklin proposed an anticolonial government |
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| French and Indian War (1748-1763) |
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| Rivalry between France, Britain, and various Native American tribes over land in the Ohio region; battles continued until Britain gained control of Canada |
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| Ended the French and Indian War; France lost all North American holdings, Canada and some territory east of the Mississippi went to Britain, and Spain took the Louisiana Territory; marker the end of salutary neglect, in which Britain somewhat ignored the colonies, allowing them to develop of their own |
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| Court orders that authorized customs officials to conduct non specific searches to stop colonial smuggling |
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| Forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians to reduce friction between the settlers and Native Americans; outraged colonists who believed the had the right to settle in the Ohio Valley |
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| Taxed goods imported to America to raise revenue for the French and Indian War debt; strictly enforced; taxed wine, cloth, cheese, and silk |
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| Required the colonies in which British troops were stationed to provide soldiers with bedding and other basic needs |
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| Internal tax that required Americans to use "stamped" paper for documents; used to support British soldiers protecting the colonies |
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| Stamp Act Congress (1765) |
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| Delegates of 7 colonies met in NY; adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which states that freeborn Englishmen could not be taxed without their consent |
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| Gave Britain the power to tax and make laws for the Americans in all cases; followed repeal of the stamp act |
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| Taxed items imported into the colonies, replaced direct taxes of the Stamp Act |
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| British soldiers killed 5 Bostonians in attempts to enforce the Townshend Acts; ted to spur action in the colonies |
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| allowed East India Trading Company to ship tea directly to America at a bargain, which undercut local merchants |
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| Citizens, dressed up as Native Americans, dumped tea on the British ships into British Harbor |
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| Combination of the Coercive Acts and Quebec Act; in response to the Boston Tea Party; closed Boston Harbor until citizens paid for lost tea, increased the power of Massachusetts Royal Governor |
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| 1st Continental Congress (1774) |
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| Meeting in Philadelphia to denounce the intolerable Acts and petition the British Parliament; forbade the importation and use of British good |
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| Battles of Lexington and Concord (1775) |
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| 1st major engagements of the war results in the British retreat to Boston |
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| Second Continental Congress (1775) |
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| Representative meeting in Philadelphia; group torn between declaring independence and remaining under British rule; adopted olive branch petition, which was a letter to resolve all disputes, but it was rejected by King George III; George Washington made commander-in-chief of colonial armies |
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| Articles of Confederation (1776, ratified 1781) |
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| Second Continental congress becomes the new government of the United states |
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| Written by Thomas Paine that called for immediate independence from Britain |
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| Declaration of Independence (1776) |
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| Restating political ideas justifying separation from Britain; drafted by Thomas Jefferson; lacked condemning the British slave trade and denunciation of the British people that earlier drafts had |
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| Battle of Saratoga (1777) |
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| British planned to split colonies along the Hudson River, but failed to mobilize properly; British surrendered, which was the first great American victory; considered a turning point because French aid began after the battle |
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| Ended the Revolutionary War; Britain recognized the United States' independence and outlines its borders; received all lands east of the Mississippi River, north of Florida, and south of the Great Lakes |
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