Term
| "Tariff of Abominations" (1828) |
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Definition
| Tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods brought by southern planters; John C. Calhoun, Adams' Vice President protested that bill suggesting that a federa llaw harmful to an indiviual state could be declared void within the state |
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Term
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Definition
| Vice President to John Q Adams and Andrew Jackson; champion of states' rights; advocated nullification of the Tariff of 1828 and asserting the right of states to nullify federal laws |
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Term
| Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) |
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Definition
| 7th President; defeated British force at Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812; popular president due to his image as a self-made westerner; implemented the Spoils System approach to civil service; signed Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove Native American tribes west of the Mississippi; was against the Bank of the United States |
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Term
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Definition
| Called for a strong executive who liberally used the veto; relied on the party system; emphasized states' rights; politics came to rely on emotional appeals, with meetings n mass conventions to nominate national candidates for office |
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Term
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Definition
| Jackson's methods of exchanging government officials with new civil servants; supposed to democratize government and lead to reform by allowing common folk to run the government; not always the most qualified for the positions over time, this system led to corruption and inefficient |
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Term
| The Second Great Awakening and Protestant Revivalism (1830s and 1840s) |
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Definition
| Wave of religious fervor spread through a series of camp meeting revivals; Protestant revivalism was a reaction to rationalism emphasizing personal salvations, strong nationalism, and the improvement of society through social reform, included participation by women and blacks |
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Term
| Webster-Hayne Debate (1830) |
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Definition
| Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification; followed the Tariff of Abominations incident focus was on constitutional authority |
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Term
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Definition
| Slave who led insurrection in Virginia in 1831; led around 60 in revolt, killing the family of his owner and through the nearby neighborhood, killing 55 whites; Turner and others were executed; led to stricter slaves laws in the South and an end to Southern organizations advocating abolition |
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Term
| Tariff of 1832 and the Order of Nullification (1832) |
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Definition
| Tariff favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones; Calhoun led states convention calling for the Order of Nullification, which declared the tariff laws void; Jackson asked Congress to issue a new bill to give him the authority to collect tariffs by forces; Henry Clay presented a Compromise Tariff of 1833 and South Carolina withdrew the order, but tensions between the federal and state government grew |
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Term
| Texas, Leading to the Battle of Alamo |
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Definition
| Mexico refused to sell Texas to the US who gave up its claims in the Adams-Onis Treaty; Mexico offered land grants for immigration to the area, but Americans moved there to become slaves owners, which angered Mexicans; their power began to erode |
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Term
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Definition
| Leader of Texas independence; defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and claimed independence; requested both Jackson and Van Buren to recognize Texas as a state, both refused out of fear of a new slave state |
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Term
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Definition
| forbade discussion of the slavery question in the House of Representatives; stemmed from Southern members' fear of slave emancipation |
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Term
| Panic of 1937 and Specie Circular (1837) |
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Definition
| Recession caused by Jackson's drastic movement of federal bank deposits to sate and local banks; led to relaxed credit policies and inflation Jackson demanded a Specie Circular, stating that land must be paid for in hard money, not paper or credit; recession lasted into the 1840s |
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Term
| The Charles River Bridge Case (1837) |
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Definition
| Demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfare; Chief Justice Roger Taney suggested that a seat could cancel grant money if the grant ceased to be in the interests of the community; reversed Dartmouth College v Woodward |
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Term
| Trail of Tears (1838-1839) |
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Definition
| Worcester v Georgia was a response to Jackson's Indian Removal Act; Native Americans were supported by the Supreme court, but Jackson refused to enforce the court's decision; Cherokees were forces to give up land to the east of the Mississippi and travel to an area in present-day OK; migration effects were hunger, disease and exhaustion, which killed 4,000 |
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Term
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Definition
| Suggested reforms in education; made available high-quality, no-cost, nondenominational public schooling |
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Term
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Definition
| Stemmed from the old Federalist Party, the old National Republican Party, and others who opposed Jackson's policies; cultivated commercial and industrial development; encourage banks and corporations; cautious approach to western expansion; support came largely from Northern business and manufacturing interests and from large Southern planters; included Calhoun, Clay and Webster |
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Term
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Definition
| Began with purchasing and transporting slaves to free states; anti-slavery societies founded; movement split into two-radical followers and those who petitioned Congress; entered politics through the Liberty Party, calling for non expansion of slavery into new western territories; combined with the Free Soil Party; entered politics through the Liberty Party, calling for non-expansion of slavery into new western territories |
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Term
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Definition
| His newspaper, the Liberator, espoused his vies that slaves should be immediately emancipated in opposition to his policy developed in many abolitionist groups who fought for a gradual approach; favored equal rights for women as well |
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Term
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Definition
| Escaped slaves that published his own newspaper, the North Star; favored the use of political methods of reform |
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Term
| Population Growth and change (Early 1800s) |
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Definition
| Labor shortage meant more opportunity for work; influx of immigration included German skilled labor and Irish Catholics; growth of population in the West and in rural areas; urbanization outgrew public services; race riots, religious riots and street crime part of city society |
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Term
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Definition
| Limited political activity that was mostly religious and reform in nature, such as abolition; employment was limited mostly to school-teaching; cult of domesticity; woman's property became her husband's |
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Term
| Martin Van Buren (1837-1841) |
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Definition
| 8th President; Served as Jackson's VP after Calhoun left the position; established independent treasury, a system maintaining government funds independently of the national banking systems; Panic of 1837 hampered attempts to follow Jackson's policies, and he was unsuccessful in re-election |
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Term
| William Henry Harrison (1841) |
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Definition
| 9th President; fought against Native Americans. VP was John Tyler; died of pneumonia a month after inauguration |
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Term
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Definition
| 10th President; became president following the death of Harrison; states' righter, Southerner and a strict constitutionalist; rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him; settled Webster-Ashburton Treaty between US and Britain; helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845 |
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Term
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Definition
| Social reformer who worked to help the mentally ill; determined to change that mentally ill were placed in jails with criminals; her work led to establishment of state hospitals for the insane |
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Term
| US/British Tension and Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) |
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Definition
| US ship was burned by Canadian loyalists; Canada and US disputed the boundary of Maine; British ships sometimes stopped US ships to suppress American slave smuggling, treaty settle the boundary f Maine and border disputes in the Great Lakes; created more cooperation between the US and Britain in curbing the slave trade |
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Term
| Irish and German Immigration 1840s |
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Definition
| Saw drastic increase in Irish immigration due to potato famine, poverty for Irish immigrants caused settlement in eastern cities and competition for jobs, 1850s had increases in German immigration due to failed revolution in 1848; settled in the upper-Midwest portion of the US because they had money and other resources; NYC was the melting pot of the US |
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Term
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Definition
| Belief that American was destined to expand the Pacific, and possibly into Canada and Mexico; came out of post-1812 War nationalism and the need for new resources; Some Whigs favored expansion, while others were afraid about the expansion of slavery |
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Term
| Transportation in the 1840s and 1850s |
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Definition
| Tremendous expansion of railroad lines, created a national market for goods; railroads linked the Midwest to the Northeast steamboats and clipper ships became more popular for travel |
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Term
| Four Classes in the South |
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Definition
| Yeomen-largest, worked land independently, sometimes with slaves, grew own foods; Planters-owned large farms and groups of slaves; Poor Whites-lived in squalor, often worse than slaves; Slaves-worked land; 3/4 of whites in the South |
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Term
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Definition
| Large Farms, Small Farms, House Servants, |
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Term
| Slaves in Southern Urban Areas |
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Definition
| Served as a factory workers or in construction; purchased their freedom with their savings or disappeared into society; few slaves were able to buy freedom or work in urban areas as sectional trouble rose |
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Term
| Southern Response to Slavery |
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Definition
| Defense shifted from "necessary evil" to positive good; used any way to justify slavery; both defensive and abolition sentiment increased |
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Term
| James K. Polk (1945-1849) |
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Definition
| 11th President; "dark horse" democrat; introduced a new independent treasury system; lowered the tariff with the Walker Tariff; settled Orego boundary disputewith the Pregon Treaty at the 49th parallel rather than the 54th40; big believer in Manifest Destiny; acquired California; led US into the Mexican American War |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. The Idea of Manifest Destiny caused an increased American interest in Mexican-held Western territory 2. US helped Texas in its revolt against the Mexican government and there was a growing momentum towards a US annexation of Texas 3. Mexican government refused to negotiatie a settlement for Texas, California, and western Mexico territoy bu John Slidell |
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Term
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo (1848) |
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Definition
| Ended Mexican War; gave the US land originally sought by Slidell inclusing: New Mexico, Arizona, California, Texas and parts of Colorado, Utah and Nevada |
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Term
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Definition
| Ammendment to a Mexican War appropriations bill; proposed that slavery could not exist in any territory to be acquired from Mexico defeated several times in congress |
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Term
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Definition
| Doctrine under which the status of slavery in the territories was to be determined by the settlers themselves; promoted by Stephen A. Douglas; meant as a resolution to the looming crisis of the slavery question |
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Term
| Free Soil Part (1847-1848) |
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Definition
| Party created by those Democratic-Republicans opposed to slavery, also included anti-slavery Whigs and former Liberty Party members; opposed extension of slavery into new territoeies; supported national improvemement programs and small tariffs to raise revenue |
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Term
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Definition
| Miners who rushed to California after the discover of gold were called "Forty Niners" over 80,000 rushed to San Fransisco; increased populatio le dto California joining the Union as a free state; connected to the idea of Manifest Destiny |
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Term
| Zachary Taylor (1849-1850) |
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Definition
| 12th President; Whigh President, opposed the spread of slavery; encouraged territoryies to organize and seek admission directly as states to avoid the issue of slavery; died sddenly and replaced by Millard Fillmore |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly located in the North; industry's value surpassed agriculture; US technology exceeded Europe in areas like rubber, coal power, mass production, and the telegraph; ccheap immigrant labor threatened the established workers' jobs |
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Term
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Definition
| Argriculture technology increased harvest sizes, saved on labor, and made selling farm goods to international markets possible; demand for agricultural land grew; railroad was used to help transport goods; John Deere pioneered the steel-plow industry |
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