Term
| In 1598 the __________ was issued by the French crown, allowing limited toleration of French Protestants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A grand empire was established in Quebec, with a granite sentinel commanding the _____________ river. The leading figure of Quebec was ________, who earned the title "Father of New France" |
|
Definition
St. Lawrence River,
Samuel Champlain |
|
|
Term
| Champlain had friendly relations with the ______ Indian tribes, and joined them in battle against their foes, the federated __________ tribes of the upper New York Area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The government of New France (Canada) fell under the direct control of the king after various _____________ had failed or faltered |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The French government allies with the Caribbean island colonies because they were rich in _____ and _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ was a valuable resource New France had, which appealed to European fashion-settlers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To thwart English settlers pushing into the Ohio Valley, _________ founded Detroit in 1701. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To check Spanish penetration, __________ floated down to Mississippi in ________ to the point where the interior basin mingled with the Gulf. He named this area Louisiana after his sovereign, _______ |
|
Definition
Robert de la Salle,
1682,
Louis XVI |
|
|
Term
| In Illinois, the French established forts/posts at _____,_______, and _______ became the garden of France's North American empire because of the amount of ______ in the area |
|
Definition
Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vincennes,
grain |
|
|
Term
| In __________ war and ________ war, it mostly pitted British colonists against the French, recruiting whatever Indian allies they could. Peace terms were signed at _______ in 1713, and it showed just how defeated the French and Spanish were. |
|
Definition
King William's war and Queen Anne's war,
Utrecht |
|
|
Term
| From the peace terms signed at Utrecht, Britain earned the French-populated _________, ___________, __________, and limited trading rights in ______________ |
|
Definition
| Arcadia, Newfoundland, the Hudson Bay, and... in Spanish America |
|
|
Term
| The War of Jenkins Ear broke out in _____ between the British and Spaniards after Jenkins felt flared up after encountering Spanish revenue authorities. This war eventually morphed into ______________ in America, with the French and Spanish versus the Americans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In King George's War, the English gained the French fortress Louisberg, but when the peace treaty of ____ gave Louisberg back, the New Englanders were outraged |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ________ was the critical area where British colonies would inevitably penetrate, and the French wanted to retain it to link their Canadian holdings with the _________ valley |
|
Definition
The Ohio Country,
Mississippi Valley |
|
|
Term
| In 1754, the governor of Virginia ushered ________ to secure Virginian's claims, and he was sent to be the ______ in charge of about _____ Virginia militiamen |
|
Definition
George Washington,
colonel,
150 |
|
|
Term
| George Washington was defeated by the _______ and forced surrender his whole command |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The French and Indian wars rocked along for two years before morphing into the _____________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The principal adversaries in the Seven Years War were the ______ & ______ VS. _________,_________,_________, & ________ |
|
Definition
Britain and Prussia,
France, Spain, Russia, and Austria |
|
|
Term
| Britain's great statesmen = ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ published a famous cartoon of a disfigured snake saying "Join or Die" in his __________________ |
|
Definition
Benjamin Franklin,
Pennsylvania Gazette |
|
|
Term
| In ______, Pitt was a leader of the London government. He made a pivotal choice to soft pedal assaults on the _____________, and to concentrate his efforts on the _______________. |
|
Definition
French West Indies,
Canada/ French-Montreol area |
|
|
Term
| The ____________ war shattered the appearance of British invincibility. British officers were having difficulty with colonial "____", and the officers were creating friction by deciding not to recognize any American militiaman above the rank of captain. (This was particularly embarressing to ___________) |
|
Definition
French and Indian war,
boors,
George Washington |
|
|
Term
| ___________ referred to the colonial men fighting with him in a negative light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| American shippers, using _________, developed a golden traffic route with the enemy ports of the Spanish and French West Indies. This treasonable action is important because it kept some of the hostile _______ from starving when the British navy was trying to subdue them |
|
Definition
fraudulent papers,
islands |
|
|
Term
| To get more American men to fight (men who wanted the freedom, but didn't want to physically fight for it), William Pitt had to bribe them by reimbursing the colonies for most of their ________ (about __________ euro) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The __________ that ended the Seven Years War was bad news for inland Indians such as the Iroquis and Creeks, preventing them to _____________. |
|
Definition
Treaty of Paris,
ability to play rival european powers against one another |
|
|
Term
| Pontiac was a ________, who led several _______ to drive the British out of the _________. They besieged _______, and eventually overtook all but three British ______ that were west of the Apallachian Mountains |
|
Definition
Ottawa chief,
tribes,
Ohio Country,
Detroit,
ports |
|
|
Term
| To retaliate against Pontiac and his indian troops, Britain used an early example of ____________. They ordered to have blankets infected with ______ to be sent to the Indians. |
|
Definition
chemical warfare,
smallpox |
|
|
Term
| The ____________ flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachian mountains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By the 18th century, the ideas of __________ and beliefs about the British passed along by ___________ helped to shape American's political opinions pre-revolution |
|
Definition
Republicanism,
Radical Whigs |
|
|
Term
| _______ was the only colony formally found by the British, the rest were founded by trading companies, religious groups, or land speculators |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| British authorities embraced __________, which kept their grip over the colonies. This economic system held the belief that the wealth of a country can be determined by the amount of ____ in it's treasury |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Having power of the colonies was important to the British, because the colonies could supply them with cheap _________, and provide a guaranteed _______ for exports |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____________ of _____ was the first law passed to try and regulate the trade system. It was originally aimed at the rival _____, so it wasn't until it started applying to the Americans that it created a lot of problems |
|
Definition
Navigation Laws of 1650,
Dutch |
|
|
Term
| The British crown reserved the right to nullify any _______ passed by colonial assemblies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some of the first American fortunes were earned by _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Americans directly benefitted from mercantilism. London paid a lot for colonial producers of ________ despite protest from british producers, _________ enjoyed a monopoly in the British market, and colonist received free _______ with Britains' army and navy |
|
Definition
ship parts,
Virginia tobacco,
protection |
|
|
Term
| The mercantile system also hurt the colonists. It stifled _____________ and imposed a rankling dependency on British _____ and _________. Many Americans felt ____________ with this economic system. |
|
Definition
economic initiative,
agents and creditors,
taken advantage of |
|
|
Term
| Half of Britain's debt (_________) was earned by protecting the colonies. Prime Minister ____________ resented the colonies, and started imposing the Navigation laws and the Sugar Act of 1764. The Sugar Act is important because it was the first law that raised _______ |
|
Definition
140 million,
Prime Minister George Greeneville,
tax revenue |
|
|
Term
| The Sugar Act's duties were lowered after fuss from the colonists, but the __________ act kept colonists unhappy because it made certain colonies provide food and shelter for British troops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1765, Greeneville (Along with the Quartering Act) imposed the ________ Act, which prevented use of papers and stamps without certification of payment of the tax itself. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Both the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act left ______ unfair. _________ was a problem for the defendant to come up with. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Due to the many British troops in the colonies, many colonists believed in a conspiracy as to why they were there. They believed the troops were there to strip them of their _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Stamp Act inspired the famous quote " ____________" that the colonists shouted in outrage. (It was bias, because the colonists didn't disagree when __________ tried to tax them, however they disregarded the British taxing them) |
|
Definition
No taxation without representation,
American Parliament |
|
|
Term
| In 1765, the ______________ was formed in New York. They were conspired of ___ delegates from nine different colonies. After their debate, they wrote a formal grievance to the King. They weren't very ________ in England, and did little in America, however the biggest success of theirs was ______ |
|
Definition
The Stamp Act Congress,
27,
successful,
unity |
|
|
Term
| Nonimportation of British goods was successful in providing _______ as well. _______ garments became fashionable, and eating of ________ was discouraged so sheep could mature. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______________ and the ________________ were two organizations that promoted nonimportation to violaters. They ransacked houses of officials, and hanged _____ of stamp agents on liberty poles |
|
Definition
Sons of Liberty and the Sons of Liberty,
effigies |
|
|
Term
| On the day in 1765 when the Stamp Act was to take action, all of the stamp agents were driven out and forced to ____, leaving the Act to be _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the Stamp Act became nullified, America bought ______ of British imports, and _______ of all British exports. Due to the effects of this on the British in terms of the outcry of the colonies, in 1766, parliament begrudgingly repealed the ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the repeal of the Stamp Act, _______________ gained control of the British ministry. In 1767, he persuaded parliament to pass the _______ Act, which imposed a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. The tax on ___ was the most furiating to the colonists, because an estimated ____ drank tea twice a day. |
|
Definition
Townshend Act,
tea,
1 million |
|
|
Term
| The London government in 1767 suspended the legislature of ________ for not complying with the __________ Act. This prodded larger outrest in the colonists |
|
Definition
New York,
the Quartering Act |
|
|
Term
| On ___________, the Boston Massacre occurred. The colonists started the conflict, by throwing snowballs at a group of __________. The first, and most important to die, was _________, a "_________", and a leader of the mob. Only ______ of the redcoats were found guilty of manslaughter after the massacre |
|
Definition
March 5, 1770,
10 redcoats,
Crispus Attucks,
mulatto,
only 2 |
|
|
Term
| The government of ______ finally persuaded parliament to repeal the Townshend Acts. However, the tax on tea remained to keep the hold on the U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| __________ was important for his help in forming _______ in MA. He formed the first one in _________, and ____ other towns in the colony set them up. The chief function of them was to spread the spirit of resistence. |
|
Definition
Samuel Adams,
committees of correspondance,
Boston,
80 |
|
|
Term
| By _____, every colony set up a committee of correspondance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ____________ was going out of business in 1773, and to prevent the London government from losing tax revenue, they allowed them a ______ of the American tea business. It resulted in the lowering of price for tea for colonists, however, they saw this as a petty attempt of the British to trick the Americans. |
|
Definition
British East India Company,
monopoly |
|
|
Term
| Massachuseetts govenor ___________ was a loyalist for the most part. Protestors of the Stamp Act destroyed his home, however he agreed that the tea tax was unjust |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On ____________, roughly 100 Bostonians dressed up as indians and smashed open over 300 chests of tea into the Atlantic. Response to the Boston Tea Party was _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parliament in response to the Boston Tea Party passed the Boston Port Act and other "__________". The Boston Port Act was the worst because it closed the _________ until the damages were repaired |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ______ Act was considered to be apart of the British response to the Boston Tea Party, however it wasn't. This allowed the French in Canada to freely be _______, and the border was extended southward all the way to the ______ river. |
|
Definition
Quebec Act,
catholic,
ohio river |
|
|
Term
| In 1774, the ________ was a memorable responce to the Intolerable Acts. They were to meet in _________ and consider ways of redressing colonial grievances. All colonies but _____ showed up. They deliberated from __________ to ___________. Their biggest success was the creation of ____________, which alled for a complete boycott of British goods |
|
Definition
The First Continental Congress,
Philadelphia,
Georgia,
September 5th to October 26,
The Association |
|
|
Term
| The delegates of the First Colonial Congress were not calling upon __________, merely to have their grievances taken care of so they no longer were an issue, as well as the taxes no longer being relevant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Parliament rejected the congress's petition. Following that, in April 1775 the "___________" occured when british troops were sent to seize stores of colonial ________ and bag "rebel" ringleaders _____________ and ____________ |
|
Definition
Lexington Massacre,
gunpowder,
Samuel Adams an John Hancock |
|
|
Term
| George III, along with his huge army, hired _________ or Germans to fight against the colonists as well |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Some disadvantages for Imperial (British) forces in America were...
(Three things) |
|
Definition
| They had poor generals leading the fight in America, They were far away from "home base" so supplies would take a while to arrive and there was uncertainty if they even would show up, and military orders from britain would take ages to reach the troops |
|
|
Term
| _______________ was a French noblemen who fought for the colonist and was made a major general at nineteen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The first organized constitution for the colonies was _________ written in _____ |
|
Definition
| The Articles of Confederation in 1781 |
|
|
Term
| Due to the economic troubles of the colonies, Continental Congress decided to print ___________ in large amounts. They were practically worthless dollars |
|
Definition
| "Continental" paper money |
|
|
Term
| The German ____________ helped to train colonist troops to make them better fighters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the "Lexington Massacre" (AKA Lexington and Concord) the __________ met in Philadelphia to discuss what to do next. This time, all the colonies were represented |
|
Definition
| The Second Continental Congress |
|
|
Term
| _______ selected George Washington to be the leader of the army that was to charge Boston more because of his fierce ___________ than his _________. |
|
Definition
Congress,
leadership, morality, and bravery
than his success on the battlefield |
|
|
Term
| The choice of George Washington as commander was also political, because Americans began to distrust the __________. Washington was well liked, coming from ________ (the largest colony) |
|
Definition
New England Army,
Virginia |
|
|
Term
| ___________ and ___________ captured the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point which held gunpowder and artillery |
|
Definition
| Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen |
|
|
Term
| In June 1775 the colonists seized _________. Afterwards, the British soon made a surprise attack to take back control of it. The colonists had to flee after running out of _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1775, the ___________ adopted the ______________, professing loyalty to the crown and begging the king to end future hostilities. It's importance was that it showed that the colonies were still ____________ |
|
Definition
Continental Congress,
the Olive Branch Petition,
still scared of Britain's force and power |
|
|
Term
| After the Olive Branch Petition, the King in August 1775 formally proclaimed the colonies in rebellion; He soon after hired many more _______ to help get the colonists under control. Americans were taken aback by these actions, because they still viewed it unesseccary. Interestingly, many of the troops that came ended up abandoning it all and staying in America to be _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The colonists, led by Irish-born _____________ made an effort to conquer Quebec in 1775. They were helped by the troops of ____________ as well, however they di not succeed. |
|
Definition
Richard Montgomery,
Benedict Arnold |
|
|
Term
| In January 1776, the British set fire to the Virginia town of___________ and eventually it got so bad that Boston residents had to evacuate. This is still a national holiday in Boston (AKA Evacuation Day) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In 1776, Thomas Paine (A _________ from Britain) published the pamphlet ____________ which promoted unity of the colonies and for the U.S. to seperate themselves from Britain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common Sense not only called for independance, but a new kind of government; a ____________, where power flowed from the people themselves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most Americans considered citizen "_________" important in a republic. The collective good of the people mattered more than ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Not everyone believed in republicanism, but rather a ____________, in order to keep a social hierarchy in society |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On _______, _______________ declared that the united colonies were officially independant states. It was this that sparked the common knowledge of our __________ and cut off ties with _______ |
|
Definition
June 7, 1776
Richard Henry Lee,
independance,
Britain |
|
|
Term
| After Lee's statement, Congress appointed a committee to make a formal statement of seperation from Britain. The task of drafting it fell to ___________, and after deliberation the ___________________ was officially approved on July 4th, 1776. It is referred to as "_________________" |
|
Definition
Thomas Jefferson,
Declaration of Independance
The shout heard round the world |
|
|
Term
| The war of independance was a war within a war. There were two sides; The Loyalists, known as ___________, after the dominate ______ factions in Britain. Patriots were known as ____________ after the opposition factors in Britain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The group of colonists on the fence were the __________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loyalists made up ___% of the populus. It was many people of education and wealth that remained loyal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________ said the famous quote," Give me liberty or give me death!" before the Virginia Assembly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the Declaration of Independance, Loyalists were prejudiced against heavily. Many were subjected to _______, and some were ________ or ________. They were generally regarded as traitors |
|
Definition
brutality,
hanged or imprisoned |
|
|
Term
| When Boston was evacuated in 1776, the British took hold of __________ as a base. They ha a major fleet of five hundred ships and roughly __________ men |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Britains attempt in 1777 to take over the Hudson River was led by three men, coming in from different sides; ______________ was going to come down from Canada, ______________ in New York could advance up the Hudson River, and _____________ could lead troops from the west by using Lake Ontario |
|
Definition
General John Burgoyne,
General Howe,
Colonel Barry St. Ledger |
|
|
Term
| Thanks to _______________, the British troops were unsuccessful in taking the Hudson River and regaining control of Fort ______________ |
|
Definition
Benedict Arnold,
Ticonderoga |
|
|
Term
| Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command at ___________ on October 17, 1777 to the American General _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Battle of ________ was important because it helped the colonial cause and more importantly, it made foreign aid from _________ possible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| France was willing to help the colonies mainly to get back at Britain, because... (One thing) |
|
Definition
| They lost their prestige from the Seven Years War |
|
|
Term
| The Continental Congres in the summer of ____ created a "___________" with France describing three main principles; 1) No ___________ connection...2) No __________ connection.... 3) Only __________ connection. A chief author of this was __________. |
|
Definition
1776,
Model Treaty,
political,
military,
commercial,
John Adams |
|
|
Term
| In Europe, more neutral countries tired of Britain's dominance began to demand more for their rights. In 1780, ______________ of Russia took the lead in organizing the _______________. It lined up all neutral European countries in passive hostility towards ________. |
|
Definition
Catherine the Great,
Armed Neutrality,
Britain |
|
|
Term
| The U.S. kept the war going until 1778 with secret aid from the _______. They provided guns, money, and equipment. They made up most of the _____ force, and about one-half of America's normal armed forces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The colony of Georgia was overrun by the British in _____, and Charlestown and South Carolina fell too in _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| General _________ was the man who succeeded in leading troops to drive out forces from Georgia and South Carolina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Indians were only allies with King George III to protect their ______. Britain paid the indians for the _______ of killed Americans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Only two nations from the Iroqouis confederacy sided with the americans, and they were the __________ and the ___________ |
|
Definition
| Oneidas and the Tuscaroos |
|
|
Term
| In 1784, the pro-british Indians were forced to signed the _____________, which was the first treaty between the U.S. and Indians. In it, (and unknowingly) the indians ceded most of the rights to their land |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The years of ________ were the darkest of the war. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The U.S. government was almost bankrupt, and they declared they would be repaying their debts at a rate of only ___ cents on the dollar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The British general _________ fell into a trap at ____________ at Yorktown to await supplies. At that time was a brief window when the British didn't control the seas. This is when the French striked, led by __________. |
|
Definition
Cornwallis,
Chesapeake Bay,
Admiral de Grasse |
|
|
Term
| Quick to join the fight, general George Washington made a swift march to Chesapeake Bay, accompanied by ______________'s french army |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Completely cornered, it was at Yorktown where Cornwallis surrendered his troops on ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| George III was still persistant after the surrender at Yorktown, and kept the battle going. The battle kept going for another _____ after Yorktown |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After Yorktown, many British troops were _________. They suffered heavy reverses in the _______, lost the island of __________ in the Mediterrainian, they were soon to lose the Rock of Gibraltar, and Lord North's ministry collapsed in ______. |
|
Definition
the West Indies,
Minorca,
1782 |
|
|
Term
| A ___________, favorable of the Americas, took place of the Tory regime of Lord North's once it fell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three American peace negotiators gathered at Paris; __________,______________, and ______________. |
|
Definition
| Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay |
|
|
Term
| France was eager to smash Britain's empire, yet not allow the U.S. to be independant in action. It schemed to keep the new republic east of the __________. However, it was _________'s alertness that prevented this from occurring. |
|
Definition
Alleghany Mountains,
John Jay's |
|
|
Term
| John Jay saw signs that the Paris Foreign Office was going to betray the trans-Appalachian interests to satisfy those of _____. So, he made secret overtures to _______, thus preventing it. England quickly helped in order to get back at the French. In 1782, a peace was signed. A formal peace was signed the next year. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By the __________ of _____, the British formally recognized the independance of America |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the Treaty of Paris, _________ were no longer persecuted, and congress recommended that confiscated ____________ be restored |
|
Definition
Loyalist,
Loyalist property |
|
|
