Term
|
Definition
| Made one of the first English settlement attempts in 1585, but the men only lasted a year. Made a second attempt in 57, but the colonists disappeared. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An English law that stated that only the eldest son inherited an estate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An arrangement where, under the approval of the monarch, several investors pooled their capital and shared the results of investing in the New World. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Document ensuring that those involved in the colonies were extensions of England and its customs. They also stated the main realization for colonization: gold. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The first permanent English colony in the New World, founded in 1607 by 100 settlers. The first few years were rough. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A great soldier who went on to help the colony in America. His military discipline saved the colonists from starving to death. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economic savior of the colony because he discovered that tobacco seeds in Virginia could be sold to England for profit. Married Pocahontas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of self-gov. formed by settlers in London Company in VA. Allowed them to choose delegates to advise the governor. Began a pattern of representative self-gov. in America. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Broke away from the Church of England because they wished to purge their churches of every Catholic practice that was not directly stated in the Bible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Kept within the church until 1629 because they had believed they could reform it from the inside up. They changed their mind when royal control over the church increased and escaped by migrating to the New World. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Puritan Separatists who fled England for Holland but longed for their English lifestyle, so they transplanted their customs to the New World. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An agreement made between 41 adult Pilgrims before going ashore which established the first standard in the New World for written laws. It limited personal freedoms for the sake of the greater good (Rousseau-ish). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Governor starting in 1621 who served many terms and was largely responsible for the colony's success through hardships. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group with governmental power of the Bay Colony. Comprised of shareholders. They elected the governor and his assistants, developing a structure similar to England's parliament. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Elected first governor of the Bay Colony. Gave the sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" with the famous proclaimed purpose of the Colony; "a city set on a hill." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Though horridly slow while they had no incentive to work beyond the quota, they were motivated once they were individually given parcels of land. Became industrious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A radical Separatist, called the "purest of the Puritans." He wanted freedom to worship and complete separation of church and state. The Bay Colony banished him, so he settled Providence, which became well-known for its religious tolerance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Placed emphasis on grace, not works. Accused of "antinomianism," or the idea that if you were saved you did not need to obey the laws of God or man. She was banished from the Bay Colony and moved to Providence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reverend who led the group that founded Hartford, CT in 1635. He helped to draft the FOC in 1639. |
|
|
Term
| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (FOC) |
|
Definition
| A type of constitution developed by the Hartford settlement in 1639. They were unique because they did not mention the King or any gov. or power outside of CT. It established democratic control by all citizens and did not limit voting to members of the church. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by the increasing spread inland by the English in 1637. Hundreds of Pequot were killed, and the remaining were led by Metacom for revenge. In total, 20,000 people were killed. |
|
|
Term
| Metacom (called King Phillip by the English) |
|
Definition
| The Wampanoag Indian who led the remaining Indians in avenging their losses in the Pequot war. His group attacked 52 Puritan towns and demolished 12 before he was captured and beheaded. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group developed by the English gov. in the late 1600s that attempted to bolster the defense of the colonies in the event of war and to bring them under tighter royal control. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Originally called "Religious Society of Friends." Believed spiritually was rooted in an individual's personal relationship with God. Were not welcome in England but were tolerable to the colonies. Acquired East New Jersey in 1680 after George Cateret, the original proprietor, died. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In which Lord Baltimore guaranteed freedom of religion to anyone who professed to believe in Jesus Christ, whether Catholic, Protestant or other. 1649. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Led an army of indentured servants against the Governor, provoking a civil war (Bacon's Rebellion). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An idea developed by Puritan ministers in 1662. Allowed for a category of membership apart from the elite. These members were considered converted but did not have full communion rights. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arose from the anger of elite members of the Puritans towards the half-way covenant members. Rural members began to accuse more successful members of witchcraft. Ended in 1663 when the governor's wife was accused. |
|
|
Term
| The Enlightenment (Age of Reason) |
|
Definition
| A method of thinking and knowing based upon the presumption that the natural world is best understood by close observation coupled with a reliance on reason. Rational, orderly, balanced. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| English philosopher who argued the "tabula rasa" theory; the mind starting as a blank slate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A belief held by some that God created the universe, but then stepped back to watch. Accepted by many great thinkers of the Enlightenment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recognized as an exemplary of the Englightenment; he was an intellectual, a scientist, an inventor and theorist in several areas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A preacher known for "Sinner in the Hands of an Angry God," a sermon he gave in 1741. He was his generation's greatest theorist on revivalism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Preacher whose technique of "field-preaching" became the accepted model for American revivals. He was highly charismatic and many were inspired to convert by his speeches. |
|
|
Term
| Albany Plan of Union 1754 |
|
Definition
| Proposed by Benjamin Franklin that hoped to suggest politically that the colonies were ready for self-gov.: "We can take care of ourselves and here is our plan." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Made by British gov. Prohibited movement past the Appalachian Mtns., stating that they wished not to encroach on the Indians. Their real motives were preventing another costly war by keeping the colonists contained. This was the beginning of the American Revolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sir Robert Walpole's philosophy of "let sleeping dogs lie" when dealing with the North American colonies, who became accustomed to self-gov. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The assumption/belief that colonies function solely for the sake of benefit of the mother country. |
|
|
Term
| Sugar Act 1764 (Revenue Act) |
|
Definition
| Placed tariffs on everyday items (namely sugar). Colonists claimed taxation without representation, but Grenville countered that each member of the British Empire was represented by each member of Parliament. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British Prime Minister who enforced the Sugar Act and Stamp Act. He ignored the pleas of the colonists regarding the Acts, who then began to start riots and vandalize the homes of stamp distributors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| After hearing of the Boston Tea Party, told Lord North it was time for the colonists to either submit or to triumph and be left alone. Refused to accept the Olive Branch Petition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tax on all printed materials. It was the first direct tax placed on colonists; all proceeds went straight to the Crown, not towards their own legislation. The act was repealed after colonists made non-importation pacts that made Britain's economy suffer from reduced trade. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infuriated by having to pay taxes that held no benefits for them, delegates from nine colonies petitioned Parliament to repeal the act. They were ignored. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of colonists that staged riots and tried to intimidate the stamp distributors into resigning. The tax became impossible because no one was there to enforce it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Passed the same day Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed England's right to bind the American colonies; they remained subordinates to the sovereign British gov. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proposed by Charles Townshend, this indirect tax enforced new customs duties on popular items imported by the colonies. Few were worried because it was indirect and small, but some Patriot leaders once again encouraged boycotts of British goods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the most verbal proponents of the non-importation pact. Eventually led the Boston Tea Party. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| British soldiers panicked after being snowballed and shot into the crowd, killing five colonists and injuring several more. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prevented the British East India Tea Company from becoming bankrupt; enabled them to sell directly to American merchants at reduced prices, which angered many colonists. who were concerned about Britain controlling American commerce. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Samuel Adams and fifty of the Sons of Liberty dumped several hundred chests of tea from three ships into the harbor. |
|
|
Term
| Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) |
|
Definition
| Enforced by the infuriated British gov. for the aim of tightening their control over the colonies. The colonists proclaimed the latter title because they believed they directly threatened their liberty. The Acts stiffened the American Patriots' resistance towards Great Britain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Extended the Canadian border south to include the Ohio River Valley, land previously claimed by Massachusetts, Connecticut and Virginia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Once again, emphasized the importance of "life, liberty and property" and the idea that governments were created among naturally free people as social compacts/contracts. It followed that if a gov. failed to protect the life, liberty and property of the citizens, the citizens had the right to rebellion. |
|
|
Term
| Two Treatises of Government |
|
Definition
| Locke's work that rejected the claim that monarchies had the "divine right" to rule over others. Backed the notion that civil rulers derived their authority from the consent of the governed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Author of Common Sense, in which he called King George III a "Royal Brute" and said the American loyalty toward the crown was against common sense. "An island should not rule a continent." |
|
|
Term
| First Continental Congress |
|
Definition
| A group of delegates from twelve of the colonies that met to draft a common response to the Intolerable Acts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proposed by Joseph Galloway; called for a gov. consisting of a president appointed by a king and a council selected by the colonies. American officials would then be subordinate to the Crown but able to regulate internal colonial affairs and veto parliamentary acts affecting the colonies. It was defeated by a vote of 6-5. |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of Rights and Resolves |
|
Definition
| Drafted by John Adams. Drawing upon the "immutable laws of nature" and rights of Englishmen, it argued that Americans were entitled to legislate for themselves "in all cases of taxation and internal policy," only giving Parliament the power to control external commerce. |
|
|
Term
| Second Continental Congress |
|
Definition
| Representatives from all thirteen colonies met to discuss Britain having declared them in an "open state of rebellion." They were finally convinced that a military defense plan was needed, so they appointed Washington to lead it. Once King George had rejected the Olive Branch Petition, the Congress acted as a national government. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Written by John Dickinson. Pleaded with the King to intercede for the Patriots (still professing loyalty to him) against his controlling Parliament and ministers. |
|
|
Term
| Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms |
|
Definition
| Endorsed by the delegates of the Second Continental Congress directly after the O.B. Petition. It stated, "Our cause is just. Our union is perfect." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colonists who wished to stay connected to Britain; they thought it absurd to sever all economic and political relations with a nation with intimate cultural and ancestral ties. Eventually, though, many were swayed by taxes, strict regulations, and Britain's having hired foreign soldiers to suppress colonial uprisings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German-speaking soldiers hired by the British government to crush the colonists; were very intimidating to the colonists. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Militiamen trained to fight on a dime. Famous for their confrontation with the Redcoats on their way to Lexington, during which eight were killed. "The shot heard round the world"; the start of the Revolutionary War. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concluded the Revolutionary War in November 1783 in Paris. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Political stance that states the greatest governing power of a republic should rest with an electorate, with representatives elected by the people. |
|
|
Term
| Articles of Confederation |
|
Definition
| A document that tried to get the states into a working relationship with each other. Gave the majority of the power to the states, who unfortunately were uncooperative with the national gov.'s aims and were resistant to financially play their parts. |
|
|
Term
| Virginia Stature of Religious Freedom |
|
Definition
| Passed in 1786, separated church from state. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Continental Congress called for a complete abolition of the slave trade in 1774; the northern states complied while the southern states refused to let go of one of their most valuable economic assets. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fought in the Revolutionary War and later painted patriotic renderings such as The Battle on Bunker Hill, The Declaration of Independence, and The Surrender of Cornwallis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An outlook held by the Spanish though it was far into U.S. territory. They befriended neighboring Indian tribes in an attempt to dissuade them from allowing the Americans to spread west of the Appalachians. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proposed by Jefferson; granted full statehood and self-gov. to western territory only when the population equaled that of the smallest of the existing thirteen states. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Term of the 1780s, referred to the land north of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi River, and south of the Great Lakes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Congress' plans for the western territories; they would be divided into 36 sq. mile townships. Sales aimed at private individuals, but companies actually ended up buying them because few individuals had sufficient funding. They sold land in huge plots because they needed to pay off national debt. Land was set apart in the sixteenth section of each township for public schools. |
|
|
Term
| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
|
Definition
| Congress' specific frame of government for the territories; they would be divided into 3-5 states: whenever any one territory had 5,000 voting age males, they would be able to elect a legislature and send a non-voting delegate to Congress, and once the population reached 60,000, it would be granted statehood. Excluded slavery as well. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Led by Daniel Shays, many western-Massachusetts farmers formed a mob following the inconclusive adjournment on the issue of relief from high taxes and debt. His followers sought a more flexible money policy, suspension of property confiscations, and the right to postpone paying taxes until the depression lifted. |
|
|
Term
| Annapolis Convention 1786 |
|
Definition
| Held in Maryland, with only five of the states represented. Alexander Hamilton persuaded his colleagues to call all the states to appoint representatives to attend a meeting at a later date that would discuss general commercial problems. |
|
|
Term
| Constitutional (Philadelphia) Convention 1787 |
|
Definition
| Held to discuss the failure of state and national government components to work together. Each state appointed delegates to attend, whose stated purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation. Instead, the Articles were thrown out altogether and suggestions were taken regarding the basic structure of a new gov. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drafted the Virginia Plan during the Philadelphia Convention. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proposed a bi-cameral (two-house) legislature which would select a president of the U.S. as well as court officials for a federal judicial system. Nicknamed the Large States Plan because representation would be determined by population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formed by the small states cowering in fear at the Virginia Plan. They suggested a uni-cameral government with each state having one single vote. Strongly resembled the Articles of Confederation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Met between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan. Bi-cameral legislature with the "lower house" and the "upper house." Lower house would later become the HOR and would have delegates based on each state's population, elected by them. The upper house would become the Senate and would be limited to two from each state. All bills concerned with taxation and revenue would begin in the lower house. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reached on the commerce that required no tax on exports and only a simple majority needed to pass commerce bills in Congress. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reached following the debate of whether a slave should be counted as property or as a person. It was decided that for population purposes, he counted as 3/5 of a person. It also stated that Congress would not restrict overseas slave trade until 1807 (20 years). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rhode Island's nickname due to their resistance to the idea of a strong central government; they refused to even send delegates to Philadelphia or participate in the development of the Constitution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Desired a strong central gov. Comprised of mostly wealthy citizens. Examples: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin and Alexander Hamilton. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Loyal to state governments; feared an abuse of power in the central gov. Strongly resisted the Constitution until a Bill of Rights was added. Generally lower-class than the Federalists. Examples: Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An anti-Federalist leader known for fighting for individual liberties; emphasized need for a Bill of Rights. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison and John Jay. Addressed the fears of the anti-Federalists by arguing the built-in limitations on governmental power in the Constitution accomplished by checks and balances. Explained the necessity of a centralized gov. in order to earn respect of other countries. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specifically defined the rights of the citizens of the U.S. Drafted by Madison. Guaranteed liberties to all free white men. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Appointed Treasury Secretary of the U.S. by President George Washington. Had a loose interpretation of the Constitution. |
|
|
Term
| Loose construction interpretation |
|
Definition
| The belief that what the Constitution does not forbid, it must allow. |
|
|
Term
| "First Report on the Public Credit" |
|
Definition
| Hamilton's proposal for the federal gov. assuming the debts of the states. Hoped to foster gratitude, unity and confidence. Promised southern states the national capital. He also wanted to establish a national bank, which he believed was necessary to collect taxes, pay debts and regulate trade. |
|
|
Term
| Necessary and Proper Clause/Elastic Clause |
|
Definition
| Gives Congress the power to make laws that it believes are "necessary and proper" in an undefined phrase that results in unlimited power of Congress. Anti-Federalists were unnerved by this. |
|
|
Term
| strict construction interpretation |
|
Definition
| Belief that whatever was not specifically written in the Constitution was forbidden. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The result of a tax recommended by Hamilton that placed a 7-cent/gallon tax on whiskey. The enraged citizens began to tar and feather revenue collectors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Party that supported Hamilton's financial plans and opinions that a strong central gov. was imperative. They stood behind Washington's actions to stop the Whiskey Rebellion. |
|
|
Term
| Democratic-Republicans/Jeffersonian Republicans |
|
Definition
| Party that argued the government had used excessive and unnecessary force in the Whiskey Rebellion. They believed the states should hold greater authority than the fed gov. because the state was closer to home and less likely to become corrupt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Federalist Chief Justice sent to Britain to negotiate a treaty with them in order to maintain trade relations and avoid war. Notoriously pro-British and mistrusted by the Democratic-Republicans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| John Jay garnered only minor victories for the U.S. in his trip to Britain; the expulsion of the British in the western forts (over 18 mos.), though they were allowed to continue fur trade with the Indians. Treaty held Americans responsible for paying debts incurred to England during the Revolutionary War. Public outcry ensued. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Followed Jay's Treaty. Spanish wanted to gain an alliance with America. In the treaty, the Spanish granted ownership of the previously disputed territory north of Florida. It also gave farmers and traders the right of deposit at New Orleans. |
|
|
Term
| Washington Farewell Address |
|
Definition
| Delievered via newspapers, he expressed his concerns regarding foreign and domestic relations, in that no alliance should be permanent but rather limited to "extraordinary emergencies" and then only temporary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| John Adams sent three commissioners to France to negotiate a settlement following the plundering of 300 American ships. French agents X, Y and Z insisted upon a huge bribe and $12 million loan before negotiations could even begin. Pinckney's response: "no, no, not a sixpence." U.S. citizens were furious with the French. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Following the XYZ Affair, enraged Americans sought to wage war with France. Adams refused to declare war but advocated the build-up of American armed forces. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Document that ended the quasi-war with France. Annulled the 1778 treaty of alliance and excused the French from damage claims of American shippers. |
|
|
Term
| Alien and Sedition Acts 1798 |
|
Definition
| A series of laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress that on the surface promoted American safety but were designed to quiet the Democratic-Republicans. They consisted of 1.) the Naturalization Act, which lengthened the time required for earned citizenship; 2.) the Alien Enemies Act, which gave the president the right to expel aliens in wartime; 3.) the Alien Act, which allowed the president to expel any aliens he thought dangerous; and 4.) the Sedition Act, which prohibited anti-government activity. |
|
|
Term
| Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 1798 |
|
Definition
| Asserted following the Alien/Sedition Acts; recommended that each state enter into a compact or contract with the national gov. and delegate power to the centralized entity for the common good of all states. It also allowed states to keep the national gov. accountable to the Constitution; if a state believed it overstepped its bounds, they could intervene. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nickname Thomas Jefferson gave to the elections of 1800. The elections marked the first orderly transfer of power from one party to another. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Created to guarantee that there would never be another voting deadlock; it required separate balloting in the Electoral College for president and vice president. It was amended before the next election (in 1804). |
|
|
