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| only English and American ships allowed to colonial ports; dissent began in 1763 |
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| ensured trade with mother country, nationalism; too restrictive on colonial economy, not voted by colonists. |
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| tried to rule as absolute monarchs without using Parliament, little to no sympathy for colonial legislatures |
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| ended the Dominion of New England, gave power back to colonies |
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| combined Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Plymouth (and later Jersey and New York) into one "supercolony" governed by Sir Edmond Andros, a "supergovernor" |
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| William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled to France), allowed more power to the legislatures |
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| established colony of Georgia as a place for honest debtors |
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| emphasis on human reason, logic, and science (acquired, not nascent, knowledge); increased followers of Christianity |
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| connected the colonies to Britain, opposed to unnecessary unfair taxation; strong influence on Albany Plan |
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| began by Edwards to return to Puritanism, increased overall religious involvement, gave women more active roles in religion, more and more ministers sprouted up throughout the country; mainly affected towns and cities |
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| Deists (part of Great Awakening) |
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| believed that God created the universe to act through natural laws; Franklin, Jefferson, Paine |
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| George Whitfield (part of Great Awakening) |
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| powerful speaker, toured the country and inspired many into Christianity |
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| Jonathan Edwards (part of Great Awakening) |
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| Puritan minister, led revivals, stressed immediate repentenance |
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| New Lights vs. Old Lights (part of Great Awakening) |
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| New Lights brought new ideas, rejected by Old Lights; both sought out institutions independent of each other |
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| colonies proposed colonial confederation under lighter British rule (crown-appointed president, "Grand Council"); never took effect |
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| French threat at the borders no longer present, therefore the colonies didn't need English protection; more independent stand against Britain |
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| prohibited settlements west of Appalachian,restriction on colonial growth |
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| Parliament took minor actions in the colonies, allowing them to experiment with and become accustomed to self -government, international trade agreements |
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| search warrants on shipping to reduce smuggling; challenged by James Otis |
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| similar to Navigation; raised money to pay colonial officials by American taxes; led to Boston boycott of English luxuries |
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| increased tariff on sugar (and other imports), attempted to harder enforce existing tariffs |
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| taxes on all legal documents to support British troops, not approved by colonists through their representatives |
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| held in New York, agreed not to import British goods until Stamp Act was repealed |
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| Virginia Resolves (part of Stamp Act) |
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| "no taxation without representation," introduced by Henry Clay |
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| prohibited colonies from issuing paper money, destabilized colonial economy |
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| all English subjects are represented in Parliament, including those not allowed to vote |
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| group of Bostonians in opposition to the Stamp Act, sought to drive stamp distributors from the city |
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| organized and controlled resistance against Parliamentary acts in less violent ways (strength in martyrdom), advocated nonimportation |
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| allowed Parliament to completely legislate over the colonies, limited colonists' say |
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| British soldiers shot into crowd; two of nine soldiers (defended by John Adams) found guilty of manslaughter |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| committees appointed from different colonies to communicate on matters; asserted rights to self-government, cooperation between colonies |
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| intended to save British East India Company from bankruptcy, could sell directly to consumers rather than through wholesalers (lowered prices to compete with smuggled tea) |
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| peaceful destruction of British tea in Boston Harbor by colonists disguised as Indians |
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| former French subjects in Canada allowed to keep Catholicism, while American colonists expected to participate in Church of England |
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| Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) |
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| in reaction to the Boston Tea Party; closing of Boston Harbor, revocation of Massachusetts charter (power to governor), murder in the name of royal authority would be tried in England or another colony |
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| organize militia, end trade with Britain, refuse to pay taxes to Britain |
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| politely demand from the king a ceasefire in Boston, repeal of Coercive Acts, guarantee of American rights |
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| Thomas Paine, Common Sense |
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| stressed to the American people British maltreatment and emphasized a need for revolution; appealed to American dissenters |
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| American commander-in-chief; first president, set precedents for future presidents, put down Whiskey Rebellion (enforced Whiskey Tax), managed first presidential cabinet, carefully used power of executive to avoid monarchial style rule |
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| most numerous in New England, fought for independence |
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| fought for return to colonial rule, usually conservative (educated and wealthy) |
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| British strengths and weaknesses |
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| British citizenship outnumbered colonies', large navy and professional army, exhausted resources (Hessians hired), national debt |
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| Colonial strengths and weaknesses |
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| fair amount of troops, short guerilla tactics, strong leaders (Washington); nonprofessional army that could not handle long battles |
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| American general Horatio Gates was victorious over British general Burgoyne |
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| scarce supplies (Food and clothing), army motivated by von Steuben |
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| last major battle; surrender of Cornwallis, led King George III to officially make peace with the colonies |
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| full American independence, territory west of Appalachian ceded to America, loyalists to be compensated for seized property, fishing rights off of Newfoundland |
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| American society during the Revolution |
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| British-occupied cities, new governments, fighting by any with experience, loaned money, African-Americans and Native Americans involved. |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| states joined for foreign affairs, Congress reigned supreme (lacked executive and judicial), one vote per state, 2/3 vote for bills, unanimous for amendments; too much power to states, unable to regulate commerce or taxes |
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| Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom (1786) |
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| foundation for First Amendment, offered freedom of religon, not influenced by state0 |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| defined process for territories to become states (population reached 60,000) forbade slavery in the new territories |
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| pushed for Assumption (federal government to assume state debts), pushed creation of the National Bank (most controversial), loose interpretation of Constitution, leader of Federalist Party |
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| strong central government, separation of powers, "extended republic" |
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| mistreated farmers, fear of mobocracy, forced people to think about central government |
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| advocated by Roger Sherman, proposed two independently voting senators per state and representation in the House based on population |
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| bicameral congressional representation based on population |
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| equal representation in unicameral congress |
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| congress could tax imports but not exports |
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| strong central government provided by power divided between state and national governments, checks and balances, amendable constitution |
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| Changes in the Constitution from the Articles |
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| stronger union of states, equal and population based representation, simple majority vote (with presidential veto), regulation of foreign and interstate commerce, execution by president, power to enact taxes, federal courts, easier amendment process |
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| system for orderly settlement of West |
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| Elastic Clause ("necessary and proper") |
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| gives Congress the power to pass laws it deems necessary to enforce the Constitution |
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| Federalists vs. Anti Federalists |
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| Anti- Federalists wanted states' rights, bill of rights, unanimous consent, refrence to religion, more power to less-rich and common people; Federalists wanted strong central government, more power to experienced, separation of church and state, stated that national government would protect individual rights |
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| written anonymously by Hamilton, Jay, and Madison; commentary on Constitution, republicanism extended over large territory |
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