Term
| Goal of Columbus and other early settlers |
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Definition
| seeking a way to China, Japan, and Indies...would open trade routes/would lower price of products/ |
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Term
| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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Definition
| improve and codify knowledge of navigation...captured Ceuta |
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Term
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Definition
| Agreement between Spain and Portugal exploiting new territories. Gave Spain everything, but Brazil |
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Term
| Result of defeat of Spanish Armada |
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Definition
| delayed aid to Ronoake colonists/ SPAIN WAS BEAT SO BAD THEY COULDNT HOLDOFF THE CONTINUING BRitish attack |
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Term
| Organizing force behind English Colonies |
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Definition
| two joint stock companies from London and (Plymouth and Bristle). both under control of royal council...cristianity, fix heathens |
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Term
| philosiphy of Mayflower Compact |
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Definition
| the idea that society should be based on rules chosen by its own members |
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Term
| cause of pilgrims leave of ENgland |
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Definition
| left Anglican Church, declaring it corrupt beyond slavation. must be exiled if this happens |
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Term
| proprieters income source frin a proprietary colony |
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Definition
| granted land to settlers for small amounts of rent. (could come from political power as well |
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Term
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Definition
| land distribution system, adopted first in VA, which granted colonists 50 acres for themselves and another 50 for each person they brought to the colony, used with indentured servitude |
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Term
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Definition
| small anual payment with headrights to act as a tax that could derive income from colonies |
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Term
| CHAP 2:Switch to slave labor |
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Definition
| flow of indentured servants lessened |
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Term
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Definition
| Nathaniel Bacon lead planters who wanted to take native American land clashed with SIr William Berkely and his Green Spring Followers |
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Term
| whites' beliefs about dangers of slave rebellion |
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Definition
| whites feared rebellion, were only more harsh. mae rebellion more likely |
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Term
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Definition
| ministers supported by public funds |
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Term
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Definition
| gave limited membership to any applicant not known to be a sinner and willing to accept provisions of the church covenant. COULD BE BAPTIZED, BUT COULDNT TAKE COMMUNION OR HAVE VOICE IN THE CHURCH |
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Term
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Definition
| protested lack of representation in assembly, but were crushed |
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Term
| critics of slavery during colonial period |
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Definition
| Quakers believed Jesus died for all |
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Term
| early case making freedom of press |
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Definition
| John Peter Zenger was acquitted with attourney, James Hamilton's argument, that what Zenger wrote was true |
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Term
| James II's goal of unified control of northern colonies |
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Definition
| called it Dominion of New England, but Glorious Revolution stopped it due to colonial resentment (NY, NJ, NE) |
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Term
| characteristics of Leisler's Rebellion and the Paxton Boys |
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Definition
| dissatisfaction with government and created rebellions |
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Term
| American crop w. highest yeild per acre |
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Definition
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Term
| fundamental goal of british mercantilism |
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Definition
| gold and silver determined power and prosperity of a nation. Take advantage of New World and gain power |
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Term
| Navigation Acts of 1650's |
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Definition
| (COMPARING SELVES TO DUTCH) designed to bring gold and silver to british treasury, develop merchant fleet, channel flow of colonial raw materials into England, and keep foreign goods and vessels out of colonial ports |
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Term
| enumeration principle of Navigation Acts of 1660 |
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Definition
| reserved the entire trade of the colonies to English ships and required the captain and 75% of the crew be english. ENUMERATED GOODS CANNOT BE SHIPPED OUT OFEMPIRE-sugar, tobacco, cotton, ginger, and gyes such as indigo |
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Term
| MOst famous native born revivalist of of Great Awakening |
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Definition
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Term
| beliefes of enlightenment |
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Definition
| enshrined reason and scientific inquiry, all of nature is like a machine |
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Term
| George WHitefield's enlightenment contribution |
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Definition
| was an excellent speaker and moved people to donate money |
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Term
| 1763-english issue with new empire |
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Definition
| controlling and affording their territories |
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Term
| Ottawa Chief's attempt to drive whites across appalachians |
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Definition
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Term
| English govnment's defenition of sovereignty |
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Definition
| believed a stong indivisable force such as parliament |
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Term
| american defenition of constitution |
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Definition
| written out document limiting powers |
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Term
| cuase of protest to stamp act |
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Definition
| was taxation without representation |
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Term
| 1768 doc critisizing Townshed acts |
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Definition
| Circular letter sent by Mass general court |
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Term
| reason for American Victory at York Town |
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Definition
| slow movement of British army |
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Term
| most significant aspect of Coercive acts |
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Definition
| weakened powers of towns and closed the Boston Port until Tea expenses were paid |
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Term
| virtual vs/ actual representation |
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Definition
virtual, someone represents you
actual-someone is actually there to support your ideas and claims |
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Term
| American negotiatiors at Treaty of Paris |
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Definition
| boundaries of nation set to 31 parrallel, MISS river, and great lakes, British withdraw troops from American soil, was reccommended that Torie property by returned |
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Term
| greatest american concern w/sugar act |
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Definition
| its nature and nature of passage |
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Term
| american means for funding revolution |
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Definition
| sold bonds, Congress issued more money, foreign loans |
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Term
| Revolutionary Superintendent of Finance |
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Definition
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Term
| Posst-revolutionary imports vs> exports |
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Definition
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Term
| confederation's abillity to make a tariff |
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Definition
| not existent, needed full state support and didnt have it |
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Term
| inadeeuques of articles of confederation |
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Definition
| couldn't pass tariff, gov had too little authority |
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Term
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Definition
| Daniel Shay and other farmers were upset because of the large amount of taxes they needed to pay and prevented supreme court from meeting |
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Term
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Definition
| very few delegates showed up so issues of commerce could not be solved and propposed another meeting in Philly |
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Term
| new condition of gov by COnstitution |
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Definition
| a powerful president, means storng ventral government |
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Term
| Madison's points in the COnstiution |
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Definition
| felt such power would pull strong leaders to the presidency |
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Term
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Definition
| essays explaining the new political system by Madison and John Jay |
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Term
| Hamilton's Report of Public Credit |
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Definition
| persuade investors to commit their funds to America |
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Term
| Loose interpretation of Necessairy and Proper |
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Definition
| people who favor something, |
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Term
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Definition
| liscensed American Privateers to work for French Navy |
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Term
| 2 big statements of Washington's farewell |
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Definition
| deplored "baneful effects of the spirit of the party," and Americans dividing as english and french |
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Term
| Impact of French Rev, and Franco/Anglo war on american politics |
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Definition
| caused parties to divide and take sides |
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Term
| XYZ's affect on foreign policy |
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Definition
| built up army, attack from french ships, more hostile |
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Term
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Definition
| gave president power to get rid of aliens in a time of war or expel those who he thought dangerous |
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Term
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Definition
| TJ and JMU respectively argued the Alien/sedition was a violation of the 1st amendment |
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Term
| Direct Consequence of 1800 election |
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Definition
| Twelth Amendment, providing seperate balloting in the Electoral college for president and vice president |
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Term
| federalist accomplishments |
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Definition
| strengthened federal governmetn, establsiedh sound fiscal system |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Adam's quick appointment of midnight officials at the end of term...lead to Supreme COurts ability to invalidate laws not in check with federal laws |
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Term
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Definition
| access to New Orleans...fear of French Invasion |
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Term
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Definition
| effect a seperation of the western part of the United States...was turned in by Wilkinson and Burr was found not guilty |
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Term
| laws compunding issue of impressment |
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Definition
| relaxed immigration laws made British impressment very easy |
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Term
| attack on the Chesapeake by the Leopard |
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Definition
| Leopard captain came and asked for 4 "deserters" chesapeake captain refused and shots were fired, the 4 men were taken, and the Chesapeake was damaged |
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Term
| 1809 repeal of law that hurt American commerce |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| authorized president to reapply the principle of non-intercourse to either france or britain if one of them ceased to violate neutral commerce of the US |
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Term
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Definition
| Shawnee brothers who rebbelled against Henry Harrison |
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Term
| reasons for War Hawks favor of war against GB |
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Definition
| was a way to defend honor and force repeal of the Orders of the Council |
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Term
| 1814-British strategy against US |
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Definition
| decided to go on the offensive because Napoleon was putting less pressure on them, was to attack them from montreal |
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Term
| Federalist action in New England during War of 1812 |
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Definition
| Hartford Convention...to protest the war....refused to help war effort |
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Term
| war of 1812 effects on federalists |
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Definition
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Term
| Rush Bagot Agreement of 1817 |
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Definition
| limited each country to one 100 ton vessel armed with a single eighteen pounder |
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Term
| End of the original bank of the U.S. |
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Definition
| was not rechartered, english owned much of its stocks |
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Term
| those who advocated creation of northern confederacy during war of 1812 |
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Definition
| Federalists in New England, namely a group named Essex Junto, led by Timothy Pickering (former secretary of state). |
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Term
| The end of the original bank of the US |
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Definition
| The bank’s charter was not renewed in 1811 because of question’s of its constitutionality, pressure from state banks eager to take their business, and the fact that many shareholders were English. |
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Term
| Policies that worsened the depression of 1819 |
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Definition
New Bank of US was irresponsible in creation of credit, had issued 10 times more paper currency than actually reserve of specie (gold/silver)
When depression hit, new bank was too stringent with credit
Easy credit in west led to booming land sales, when prices of their products fell panic ensued |
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Term
| Westerners’ attitude toward public land policy in the early 19th century |
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Definition
| They really wanted cheap land, absolutely did not want to compromise, unlike other regions |
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Term
| John C. Calhoun’s political views |
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Definition
| Calhoun was nationalistic, although he loved the South dearly and was devoted to its institutions (aka slavery). Was considered ‘above all sectional conflicts |
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Term
| House of Representatives’ vote on the Tallmadge Amendment to the Missouri Compromise enabling Act of 1819 |
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Definition
I guess the MO compromise was all about that slavery thing with the new territory, for those who didn’t remember hahaha
Tallmadge Amendment: prohibited ‘further introduction of slavery’ in new territory |
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Term
| John Quincy Adams as president |
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Definition
| proposed a lot of big internal infrastructure stuff, but no one went along with it. He also wasn’t very good at talking to the general public because he used giant, ridiculous words that no one could understand. |
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Term
| Southern reaction to the tax levels of the Tariff of 1828 |
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Definition
| Calhoun wrote the South Carolina Exposition and Protest, which repudiated his nationalistic views. The paper said that since the states were the ones who created the constitution, they were the arbiters of it, thus introducing the concept of nullification. |
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Term
| Core Idea’s in Calhoun’s theory of nullification |
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Definition
| If a state convention felt that a law was unconstitutional, it could nullify the law within its boundries |
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Term
| Boston Associates’ members and the Waltham System |
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Definition
Boston Associates: a group of merchants headed by Francis Cabot Lowell, revolutionized textile industry by creating an extremely efficient factory in Waltham, MA.
Waltham System: hire young, unmarried women to work in your factory, provide them with housing and socializing |
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Term
| Beginning and growth of the modern corporation in America |
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Definition
| Corporations (large enterprises with tons of capital) had always gotten a bad rap in America because of their association with monopolies, but it was soon realized that in order to create a profitable factory, a ton of money was needed to start up. |
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Term
| crop generating nation after 1815 |
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Definition
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Term
| Founding of the Republic of Liberia |
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Definition
| The American Colonization Society bought land in Africa, which they named Liberia, to send blacks back to their ‘homeland.’ Only about 12,000 blacks left, but a whole crapload of them died from tropical diseases. |
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Term
| First modern road built in 1790s |
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Definition
| Connected Philadelphia and Lancaster, PN, opened way for tons more trade, etc. Many roads were expensive to build due to harsh land conditions |
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Term
| Greatest advantage of early canals |
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Definition
| Less friction, so a team going down a canal could pull a 100 ton barge much faster than pulling just one ton on a road. |
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Term
| Chief Justice John Marshall’s views on manufacturing and business |
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Definition
| He was all into helping businesses out. He loved contracts, so he always took the loosest interpretion that no state could pass a law impairing contracts. He also reinforced the supremacy of the federal government over that of the states |
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Term
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819 |
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Definition
| New Hampshire wanted to alter then charter commissioned by Kind George in 1769 to make Dartmouth a public university, but Marshall ruled that the charter was a contract and therefore could not be changed unless both parties were in agreeance with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Aaron Ogden had purchased right to operate a ferry from NJ and NYC from the ferry monopoly man Robert Livingston, but Thomas Gibbons, who had a federal charter, set up a competing line, and Ogden was pissed so he sued him. Marshall ruled that Gibbons’s federal charter had supreme powers and ended NY’s ferry monopoly. It enforced the fact that the federal government is supreme to that of states. |
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Term
| Charles River Bridge Case- |
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Definition
| MA had built a bridge crossing the Charles River that drew traffic away from the older toll bridge near by, so the owners of the toll bridge sued the state for damages. Taney declared that improvements to public well-being take precedence over a private companies profits. |
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Term
| Choosing presidential candidates before the Age of Jackson |
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Definition
| even with the Electoral College, designed to make the election of the President removed from the direct public, only two states (Delaware and South Carolina) used the legislature to elect the President while everywhere else the President was elected by popular vote |
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Term
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Definition
| placed members of his own party into positions of power |
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Term
| Fundamental tenets of “Jacksonian Democracy |
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Definition
Rather than rely on his Cabinet members, Jackson turned to his informal “Kitchen Cabinet”, but they were clearly advisors not directors
Saw himself as the direct representative of the people and the embodiment of national power
Believed in a “frugal”, constitutionally limited national government
Poor administrator, often found penny-pinching and lacking in imagination
Strong prejudices and contempt for expert advice, even in matters he knew seldom about, caused the country considerable harm
Success and popularity due mainly to his personality |
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Term
| Nicholas Biddle’s use of his power through the Second National Bank |
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Definition
Realized the bank could act as a rudimentary central bank, regulating the availability of credit throughout the nation by controlling the lending policies of state banks
State banks distributed bank notes to borrowers in order to gain interest due to the small amounts of gold and silver housed at state banks
By collecting these notes and turning them in for hard money, Biddle forced local banks to maintain adequate reserves of gold and silver – holding their lending policies within bounds
Through his policies, Biddle slowed the rate of economic growth but stabilized the country |
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Term
| Jackson’s attitude toward nullification |
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Definition
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Term
| Jackson’s position on Marshall’s ruling about the Cherokee Nation in Georgia |
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Definition
In courts cases involving Georgia’s interference with the Cherokee Nation, Marshall ruled that the Cherokee Nation could not be ruled over by Georgia and that acts occurring inside the Nation, like a Cherokee named Corn Tassel killing another man, could not be punished by Georgia
Jackson disagreed with Marshall, claiming no independent nation could exist within the United States and then allowed Georgia to hang Corn Tassel against the Supreme Court ruling |
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Term
| Southern slave owners feel about northern criticisms of slavery |
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Definition
Saw protective tariffs and criticisms of slavery as two sides of the same coin: a majority ruling without listening to the minority
Saw only way to fight the majority as nullification |
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Term
| Jackson’s Specie Circular |
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Definition
| forcing anyone wishing to buy public lands to pay in either gold or silver |
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Term
| Effect of Jackson’s economic policies on the business cycle |
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Definition
Jackson’s attempt to regulate the boom of land speculation led to the halt in land speculation and the crash of the economy which followed
- Speculators, laden with now worthless land, forfeited their lands back to the banks who could not recover their loans
- Hordes of depositors wished to withdraw their money in the form of specie which caused the banks to exhaust their supplies leading to the Panic of 1837 |
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Term
| Whig Party’s strategy in the election of 1836 |
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Definition
| nominated “favorite sons” which would throw the election to the House of Representatives where they could possibly win – Van Buren beat them in both the popular vote and the electoral college |
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Term
| President Van Buren’s attempt to “divorce” government from all banking |
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Definition
| Saw his role as dealing solely with issues of government, not dealing with economic issues of any kind |
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Term
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Definition
| called for the construction of government owned vaults where federal revenues could be stored until needed while all payments to the government were to be made in hard money |
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Term
| Alexis de Tocqueville’s Democracy in America |
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Definition
| Failed to notice the growing gap between classes and the abundant poor, particularly those living in cities |
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Term
| Impact on middle-class families by the growth of cities and the factory system |
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Definition
| Women expected to tend only to household and family chores while the public frowned upon women extending their interests to other field |
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Term
| Second Great Awakening – most effective preacher |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical themes of the Second Great Awakening |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Level of effectiveness of individual reformers whose goals were to help the physically and mentally disabled |
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Definition
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Term
| Hawthorne’s The Scarlett Letter |
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Definition
| grim yet sympathetic analysis of adultery, condemned not the woman, Hester Prynne, but the people who judged her |
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Term
| Mutual improvement societies |
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Definition
Desire for knowledge and culture led to the success of mutual improvement societies known as lyceums
/Conducted discussions, established libraries, and lobbied for better schools |
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Term
| Reasons for Tyler’s cabinet resignation (minus D. Webster) |
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Definition
| In Congress, Clay announced a comprehensive program, ignoring Tyler’s states’ rights view of the Constitution – most importantly Clay’s attempt to create a new Bank of the United States which passed Congress but Tyler vetoed leading to the resignation of his entire cabinet |
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Term
| Goals of both sides in the Webster-Asburton Treaty |
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Definition
| Both wished to settle the boundary of Maine and New Brunswick |
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Term
| Henry Clay’s campaign position on the annexation of Texas |
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Definition
| did not include Texan in his party platform while Calhoun was determined to talk about Texas |
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Term
| Reasons For the Popularity of the Oregon Treaty |
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Definition
| The Oregon treaty gave the U.S. posession of Oregon and set the boundary at the 49th parallel. |
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Term
| 1st Attempt to prohibit slavery in territory gained by the Mexican War |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Henry Clay’s belief that the Wilmont Proviso wasn’t necessary |
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Definition
| Clay believed that because slavery would be useless in the western territories, the Southerners would be rational and not fight to expand it there |
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Term
| Impact on southern abolition by Nat Turner’s Rebellion |
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Definition
| rebellion, South lost any interest in releasing slaves. Freeing slaves became more difficult. |
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Term
| Planner and Leader of a slave uprising in Charleston |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Working conditions rough at the time (1830s). Commonwealth v Hunt established the legality of Labor Unions. Unions did not take off immediately |
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Term
| Young America movement and its beliefs |
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Definition
| people want a distraction from the troubles of slavery. Some returned their focus to expansionism. The followers of the young America movement wanted to transmit the American and Democratic spirit to foreign nations. They wanted to open new markets, and maybe annex more territory. Succeeded when Matthew Perry opened trade with Japan |
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Term
| U.S. negotiations for the Panama Canal in the 1800s |
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Definition
| Secretary of State John Clayton and british minister Henry Lytton Bulwer negotiated treaty providing for demilitarization and join Anglo-American control of any canal across the isthmus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Franklin Pierce offered Spain $130mil for Cuba. State department made confidential dispatch threatening to use force if Spain refused. Document leaked, public outraged. |
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Term
| Who Inherited Henry Clay’s philosophical stance on expansion and his attempts to compromise |
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Definition
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Term
| Douglas’ reasons for introducing the Kansas-Nebraska Act |
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Definition
| believed that a territorial government would be conducive to the building of railroads, something that he favored. Douglas suggested leaving the question of free or slave to the settlers. Bill passed, North furious because it repealed the Missouri Compromise |
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Term
| The greatest single step toward the American civil war |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Pre-Civil war party most closely associated with Americanism or nativism |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Supreme Court decision that ruled the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| President Buchanan’s reaction to the Lecompton constitution |
|
Definition
| wanted to make Kansas a state |
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Term
| Lincoln’s position on slavery prior to becoming president |
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Definition
| Lincoln felt slavery was wrong but he was not an abolitionist. Did not blame southerners for wanting slavery. Did favor a free nation |
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Term
| During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas’ position on how territories could avoid the impact of the Dred Scott decision |
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Definition
| Douglas suggested that territories could prevent slavery within their borders simply by not passing the legislation to keep blacks in bondage. This came to be known as the Freeport Doctrine |
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Term
|
Definition
| 21st century newspaper editor, who said mean things to arrowhead students and cheated in study games |
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