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| The modern form of political society that combines centralized government with a high degree of ethnic and cultural unity. "No dense concentrations of population or complex nation-states...existed in North America...." |
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| the form of society in which family line, power, and wealth are passed primarily through the female side. "...many North American native peoples, including the Iroquois. developed matrilinear cultures...." |
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| An alliance or league of nations or peoples looser than a federation. "The Iroquois Confederacy developed the political and organizational skills...." |
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| Concerning the earliest origin of things. "...the whispering, primeval forests...." |
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| In trading systems, those dealers who operate between the original buyers and the retail merchants who sell to consumers. "Muslim middlemen exacted a heavy toll en route." |
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| An economic system characterized by private property , generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. "...the fuel that fed the growth of the economic system known as capitalism." |
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| The Spanish labor system in which persons were help to unpaid service under the permanent control of their masters, though not legally owned by them. "...the institution known as encomienda." |
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| A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry. "He intermarried with the surviving Indians, creating a distinctive culture of mestizo...." |
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| A medium sized subunit of territory and governmental administration within a larger nation or empire. "The proclaimed the area to be the province of New Mexico...." |
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| Fervent belief and loyalty given to the political unit of the nation-state. "Indeed England now had . . . a vibrant sense of nationalism . . ." |
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| The legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land. " . . . laws of primogeniture decreed that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates." |
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| An economic arrangement by which a number of investors pool their capital for investment. "Joint-stock companies provided the financial means." |
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| Concerning the decentralized medieval social system of personal obligations between rulers and ruled. "Absentee proprietor Lord Baltimore hoped that...Maryland... would be the vanguard of a vast feudal domain." |
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| The Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned. "Good works could not save those whom ‘predestination' had marked for the infernal fires." |
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| Concerning resistance to or rebellion against the government. "[His was] a seditious blow at the Puritan idea of government's very purpose." |
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| Nonviolent action or opposition to authority in accord with religious or moral beliefs. "As advocated of passive resistance, [the Quakers] would ... rebuild their meetinghouse on the site where their enemies had torn it down." |
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| Concerning exclusive legal ownership, as of colonies granted to individuals by the monarch. "Penn's new proprietary regime was unusually liberal...." |
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| The granting of citizenship to foreigners or immigrants. "No restrictions were placed on immigration, and naturalization was made easy." |
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| Laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality. "Even so, there were some ‘blue laws' aimed at ‘ungodly revelers.'...." |
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| To take away the right to vote. "The Virginia Assembly in 1670 disenfranchised most of the landless knockabouts...." |
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| That portion of a slave ship's journey in which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas. "... the captives were herded aboard sweltering ships for the gruesome ‘middle passage.' ..." |
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| The visible arrangement of society into a hierarchical pattern, with distinct social groups layered one on top of the other. "...colonial society....was beginning to show signs of stratification...." |
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| A home for the poor, supported by charity or public funds. "Both Philadelphia and New York built almshouses in the 1730s...." |
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| Landowners of substantial property, social standing, and leisure, but not titled nobility. "Wealth was concentrated in the hands of the largest slave-owners, widening the gap between the prosperous gentry and the ‘poor whites'..." |
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| Buying land or anything else in the hope of profiting by an expected rise in price. "Commercial ventures and land speculation...were the surest avenues to speed wealth." |
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| Belonging to the worldly sphere rather than to the specifically sacred or churchly. "A more secular approach was evident late in the eighteenth century..." |
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| a civil official charged with upholding the law, often exercising both judicial and executive power. "…there was no trial by jury-merely the decision of the magistrate. |
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| French-Canadian fur trappers; literally, "runners of the wood." "These colorful coureurs des bois…were also runners of risk…" |
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| Rebellion against political authority |
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| The economic theory that all parts of an economy should be coordinated for the good of the whole state; hence, that colonial economics should be subordinated for the benefit of an empire. |
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| Taxes places on imported goods, often to raise prices and thus protect domestic producers. |
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| Concerning public finances-expenditures and revenues |
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| temporary stopping of warfare by mutual agreement, usually in preparation for an actual peace negotiation between the parties |
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| An uncontrolled, speculative bank that issues notes without sufficient capital to back them |
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| The belief that government or rulers are directly established by God. “... America was now witnessing the divine right of the people.” |
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| Gold and Silver coins, as distinguished from paper money |
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| The yielding of opinion to the judgment of someone else. “The deferene, apathy, and virtually nonexistent party organizations...gave way to... boisterous democracy...” |
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| Under the care and direction of God or other benevolent natural or supernatural forces. |
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| The relation of a strong nation to a weak one under its control and protection. |
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| Plundering, looting, destroying property by violence. |
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| An agricultural system in which a tenant receives land, tools, and seed on credit and pledges in return a share of the crop to the creditor. |
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| A white Southerner who supported Republican Reconstruction after the Civil War. |
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| What happened to indians after columbus's arrival? |
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| After Columbus’s landfall, the Native American peoples had nearly been extinguished mostly from disease |
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| Who did most of the unexplored world belong to? |
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| From Florida and New Mexico southward, most of the southern half of the New World lay firmly within the grip of imperial Spain |
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| basically, america was what in 1600 |
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| In 1600, North America remained mostly unexplored and unclaimed |
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| Why did England have little interest starting colonies overseas? |
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| England had taken little interest in establishing its own overseas colonies during the early 16th century because of religious conflict when King Henry VIII launched the English Protestant Reformation |
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| Sir Walter Raleigh organized a group of settlers who landed in 1585 on North Carolina’s Roanoke Island, off the coast of Virginia, a region named by the Virgin Queen Elizabeth in honor of herself |
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| "Protestant Wind" spanish armada? |
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| The defeat of the Spanish Armada marked the beginning of the end of Spanish imperial dreams but the New World empire would last |
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| How did defeat of the aramda affect American colonies? |
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| England’s victory over the Spanish Armada marked a red-letter day in American history; it dampened Spain’s spirit and helped ensure England’s naval dominance in the North Atlantic (master of oceans) |
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| englands heightened spirit? |
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| A flowering of the English national spirit bloomed in the wake of the Spanish Armada’s defeat; a golden age of literature dawned |
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| Who fled to America and why? |
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| The economic depression hit the woolen trade in the late 1500s and as a result, thousands of footloose farmers took to the road |
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| attraction to virginia spurred by? |
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| The main attraction was the promise of gold, combined with a strong desire to find a passage through America to the Indies |
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The charter of the Virginia Company is a significant document in American history because it guaranteed to the settlers the same rights of Englishmen that they would have enjoyed if they had stayed home
but pressure to get rich quick since joint-stock only temporary |
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| Instead of collecting food many spent time looking for nonexistent gold |
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| first assemblage of mini parliament in America? |
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| The London Company authorized the settlers to summon an assembly known as the House of Burgesses; this assemblage was the first of many miniature parliaments to begin in America |
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Maryland, the second plantation but fourth English colony was founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, of a prominent English Catholic family; at this time, Protestant England was still persecuting Roman Catholics
marry the land. its youre catholic haven. |
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| how did carolina prosper? |
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| Carolina prospered by developing close economic ties with the flourishing sugar islands of the English West Indies; many Carolina settlers had emigrated from Barbados and established a slave trade |
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| In 1707 the Savannah Indian decided to end their alliance with the Carolinians and to migrate to the backcountry of Maryland and Pennsylvania, where a new colony founded by Quakers under William Penn promised better relations between whites and Indians |
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| carolinas against indians? |
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| After a series of bloody raids, by 1710 the Indian tribes of coastal Carolina were all but extinct after the Carolinians turned against them |
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| north carolinians showed a... |
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| resistance to authority...pirates...repelled by virginia's aristocrats |
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| the king thought of georgia as a buffer...why? |
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| It would serve to protect the more valuable Carolinas from vengeful Spaniards from Florida and by the hostile French from Louisiana |
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| how did james oglethorp help georgia, the charity colony? |
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| James Oglethorpe, who was interested in prison reform, as the leader, repelled Spanish attacks; as an imperialist and a philanthropist, he saved “the Charity Colony” by his energetic leadership and by heavily mortgaging his personal fortune |
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| which colonies had plantations? |
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| Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia |
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| What did Calvinism proclaim? |
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| Calvin spelled out his basic doctrine in 1536 in Institutes of Christian Religion in which he argued that God was all-powerful and all-good; humans were weak and wicked because of sin |
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| calcinist doctrine: predestination |
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| Since the first moment of creation, some souls—the elect—had been destined for eternal bliss and others for eternal torment |
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