Term
| What is the basic building block in the silicate minerals? |
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Definition
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Term
| This type of seismic wave is characterized by back and forth movement of the rocks at right angles to the direction of energy propagation |
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Definition
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Term
| In building up an understanding of a system in science or engineering, we develop and continually refine a model of the system. To develop a model of the interior of the Earth, we compare the computer models that we generate with seismic result from actual earthquakes to see if they match. The mor closely the two match, the greater confidence we have in the computer model. For our computer model of the Earth that we generate, we must specify to the computer two of the following. Which are they? |
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Definition
--> the distribution of the different materials in the model "Earth"
--> the seismic velocities within the different material in the model "Earth" |
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Term
| A chemical analysis has been conducted on an intrusive rock, and the rock was found to have an "SiO2" content of approximately 45%. Which one of the following types of ore deposit has the most change of being found in this rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| The earth's crust includes the following five minerals. If you could mine every last crystals of these five minerals from the curst, which one would end up providing you with the most lead (Pb)? |
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Definition
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Term
| The Hawaiian Island are located where the Pacific plate is: |
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Definition
| migrating over a hot spot |
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Term
| One way to minimize damage from earthquakes is to build structures with appropriate building materials. Which of the following is the best material (of the five listed) to build a structure with, in order to minimize potential damage from ground shaking during an earthquake? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the Sea-Floor Spreading hypothesis of Harry Hess, the conveyor belt carrying the continental crust was thought to be: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following was NOT evidence used by Alfred Wegener to support his theory of continental drift? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which one of the following minerals would be LEAST likely to occur in an ultramafic rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most violent volcanic activity is associated with: |
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Definition
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Term
| The oldest ocean crust is in the ocean basins is found closest to |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do all earthquakes occur? It is in the |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of unloading can produce |
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Definition
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Term
| The three most abundant elements in the continental crust are |
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Definition
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Term
| In which of these settings would one most likely find a pyroclastic flow? |
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Definition
| At a destructive plate boundary |
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Term
| Abundant fossil evidence did not appear in the geologic record until how long ago? |
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Definition
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Term
| Limonite can form by the chemical weathering of which of the following minerals? |
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Definition
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Term
| Absolute ages have been attached to the relative time scale by the determination of: |
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Definition
| Radiometric ages of igneous rocks younger and older than sedimentary formations |
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Term
| Which soil may eventually develop in a hot, wet region? |
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Definition
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Term
| Salt domes are important for oil exploration because |
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Definition
| they form anti formal fold structures above them |
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Term
| Which of the following minerals is closest to the AVERAGE composition of the earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| If you could just begin to partially melt a shale, the liquid produced would have what composition? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following ore-deposit types would be most likely to generate acid mine-tailings? |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical analysis has been conducted on an intrusive igneous rock, and the rock was four to have an "SiO2" content of approximately 75%. Which one of the following types of ore deposit has the most chance on being found in this rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| There are two parts to the core of the Earth: the inner and outer cores. One is liquid and the other is solid. The reason for this difference is: |
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Definition
| because there is a difference in pressure between the two regions |
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Term
| Magmas contain dissolved volatiles. Which of the following magma types will generally be richest in water? |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common mineral in the Earth's crust is |
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Definition
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Term
| Our society is currently very conceded that our intense human-driven industrialization over the last 200 years may be causing rapid warming of the atmosphere. However, in order to assess recent human impact, we need to determine how the Earth's atmospheric temperatures varied in the recent geological past (i.e. the past few million years or so) as a comparison to the potential human-induced warming of the last 200 years. How can we estimate what the atmospheric temperatures were like over the past few million years? |
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Definition
| By determining the oxygen isotope values in idea and in fossil shells |
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Term
| With which one of the following will lahars most likely be associated? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a sequence of silicate minerals of progressively DECREASING polymerization, which of the following is true (going in the direction of decreased polymerization?) |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is true about plagioclase feldspar? |
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Definition
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Term
| The rock that can be best neutralize acid rain is |
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Definition
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Term
| Polymerization in silicate minerals refers to |
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Definition
| The sharing of oxygen atoms between silica tetrahedra |
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Term
| The main importance of mechanical weathering of rocks is to |
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Definition
| increase the surface area of the rock |
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Term
| The textures and structures of sedimentary rocks can yield information on the conditions of their deposition. Just by looking at the grain size of a sandstone at an outcrop, one can infer: |
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Definition
| the velocity of the cur rest by which it was deposited |
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Term
| Quartz and feldspar are minerals that belong to the same silicate structural type. Their compositional difference is due to the replacement of some silicon atoms by another element to format he feldspars. What is the element that replaces the silicon? |
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Definition
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Term
| A porphyritic igneous rock indicates |
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Definition
| A two-stagecooling history |
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Term
| Which off the following rock types has provided evidence for a change over Earth history in the levels of oxygen in the atmosphere? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| which of the following rock types would tend to chemically weather LEAST rapidly? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many electrons are there in the outer shell of a silicon atom? |
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Definition
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Term
| At which of these locations are fissure eruptions most prominent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following rocks is NOT a chemical or biochemical sedimentary rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| As a magma of diorite composition cools down rom 1500 degrees centigrade, which of the following minerals would crystallize first? |
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Definition
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Term
| Brad R. Allenby, in his paper on Earth-Systems Engineering, argues that the desired goal, or end-point of Earth Systems Engineering should be |
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Definition
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Term
| Following a very shallow earthquake, as seismic P and S waves go deeper into the Earth and cross the Mohorovicic Discontinuity (i.e. the MOHO) |
|
Definition
| The waves refracts away from the normal |
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Term
| Which of the following lists is in correct order going from lower to higher grade of regional metamorphism? |
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Definition
| slate, mica schist, gneiss |
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Term
| Differentiation of igneous rocks by partial melting can only occur if: |
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Definition
| early formed liquids are separated from the remaining rock |
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Term
| A crystal of K-feldspar from a granite has been analyzed by the K-Ar method of geochronology. The ratio in the crystal of the number of 40K atoms to the number of 40Ar atoms is 3 to 1. Given that the half life for the decay of parent to daughter is 1.3 billion years (b.y.) which of the following values is closest to the age of formation of the granite? |
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Definition
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Term
| A bauxite ore deposit would be most likey to occur over which of the following rocks? |
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Definition
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Term
| Very deep (i.e. greater than 200km) earthquakes occur only at |
|
Definition
| destructive plate margins |
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Term
| If the Earth's magnetic field did not occasionally reverse polarity, |
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Definition
| the sea floor wouldn't produce linear magnetic anomalies |
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Term
| Which of these minerals is made up entirely of covalent bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| The continents fit together best in the Pangaea configuration when |
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Definition
| the outer edges of the continental shelves are matched |
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Term
| Which of the following rocks is likely to have the lowest porosity? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following rocks is least likely to have foliation? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the highest global production level of crude oil |
|
|
Term
| which of the following features is most likely to be associated with a pale-placer gold deposit? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the following rock types, which is most likely to be a trap (i.e. reservoir) rock for trapping oil and gas underground |
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Definition
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Term
| A sample of basalt in which the remanent magnetic field is oriented vertically probably formed and cooled |
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Definition
| Near the north or south pole |
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Term
| For seismeic P and S waves received by seismographs at various distances from an earthquake focus, a plot of first arrival times against distance would look like |
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Definition
*see photo in test* (page 8 in APSC 151 2007 final exam)
- time after earthquake vs distance from focus
- resembles two positive logarithmic functions with S greater than P |
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Term
| From the sketch bellowing showing a cross section of cross-bedded sandstone layers, which way was the water that pro ducted them moving? |
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Definition
| Unidirecitonally, from left to right |
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Term
| You have carried out a careful chemical analysis of three rocks: granite, granodiorite and gabbro. You are now comparing the results from those analyses. As you go from granite to granodiorite to gabbro, which of the following increases? |
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Definition
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Term
| An igneous rock consists of 50% pyroxene and 50% Ca-rich plagioclase. It is fine-grained. Which of the following geologic settings i ti most likely to be associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Weathering produces minerals that are more stable at the Earth's surface. Of the five minerals listed below, which one is the most abundant product of the weathering process: |
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Definition
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Term
| The production of a commodity has been growing exponentially with time at a rate of 5% per year.The time required to quadruple the annual production at this growth rate is closest to |
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Definition
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Term
| Which ore-deposite type results from the development in a magma chamber of liquid that is immiscible with the silicate liquid? |
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Definition
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Term
| The fact that, over time in the sedimentary rock record, fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and determinable order is the basis for: |
|
Definition
| The principle of biotic succession |
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Term
| In the carbon cycle, which of the following reservoirs in the Earth system contains the most carbon? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is a reason why felsic magmas have a higher viscosity than magic magmas? |
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Definition
| they are high in Si content |
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Term
| With which rocky type or rock structure do you associate the formation of karst topography? |
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Definition
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Term
| What s the MAIN control not he size of crystals produced in an igneous rock? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following lavas would likely have the highest viscosity? |
|
Definition
| The one that produces pyroclastic flows? |
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Term
| A fault plane strikes north-south and dips steeply to the west. Visual evidence on the fault plane indicates that the fault movement along the fault plane was vertical (i.e. no strike-slip component.) The sedimentary rocks on both sides of the fault have horizontal bedding. The sedimentary rocks on the east side of the fault contain fossil dinosaur bones, whereas the sedimentary rocks not he west side of the fault contain fossils of the first primitive first. What kind of fault is it? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following soil types is generally the most suitable one for agriculture? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following two ions are very close in radius, thus allowing solid solution in olivine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Symmetrical sand ripples are most likely produced by |
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Definition
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Term
| Of the following five choices, which ones is the most favourable site for oil accumulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Over the past 200 years of human hisotry,which of the following has been observed to be the MOST direct link to a reduction in the population growth rate of countries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Approximately how many earthquakes of Richter magnitude 4 would it take to equal the output energy from a single earthquake Richter magnitude 8 |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following rocks would be most likely to contain olivine grains? |
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Definition
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Term
| The sketch below (page 11, APSC 151 Final 2007) is a plan map view of a series of sedimentary strata which have been folded and eroded to the horizontal. Strike and dip direction are shown. Which way does the fold plunge? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following rock types is likely to be the most immature? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| In a layered intrusion, which igneous rock type is most likely tone at the top of the intrusion? |
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Definition
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Term
| For anexponential equation of the form y=e^(kt), where y is growing as a function of time and the k term is |
|
Definition
| one one-hundredth of the growth rate of the quantity "y" in percent |
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|
Term
| Which heat source dominates in the biosphere? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following situations would be the MOST likely to provide an oil trap? |
|
Definition
| an antifoam with shale on top of quartz sandstone |
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Term
| A thin, planar igneous rock body that intrudes across pre-existing rock layers is a |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The velocity of P seismic waves is |
|
Definition
directly proportional to the elasticity and inversely proportional to the density of the medium they pass through
(E/D) |
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Term
| In oder to determine the mass of the earth by studying the dynamics of the earth-moon system, which of the following do we need to know about the moon? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What percent of the earth is composed of non-silicate minerals? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| The fact that amphibole has two cleavage planes at an angle of 124 degrees to each other, and that pyroxene has two cleavage planes at 90 degrees to each other, is because |
|
Definition
| pyroxene has a single chain structure whereas amphibole has a double chain structure |
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Term
| You work for a mineral exploration company, and you are looking for a source of metals. If you find an ore deposit of a metal bearing mineral, you have found |
|
Definition
| An accumulation of a mineral that you can extract and make money from |
|
|
Term
| Where is the best place to look for vein-type Cu-Mo-Ag-Au-Sn porphyry deposits? |
|
Definition
| destructive plate margins |
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|
Term
| The Gaia hypothesis of James Lovelock deals with |
|
Definition
| The "physiology" of Earth |
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|
Term
| In comparing the first billion years of Earth history with the present, which of the following has INCREASED between then and now? |
|
Definition
| The level of oxygen in the atmosphere |
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Term
| With reference to the numbered localities on the world map (Figure 1, page 13, APSC 151 2007 Final Exam) that follows the question, which of the following localities represents a constructive plate boundary? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| With reference to the numbered localities on the world map (Figure 1, page 13, APSC 151 2007 Final Exam) that follows the question, Which of the following localities represents a hot spot site? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| With reference to the numbered localities on the world map (Figure 1, page 13, APSC 151 2007 Final Exam) that follows the question, which of the following sites is most likely to experience a deep (greater than 300km deep) earthquake? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following pieces of evidence from the geology around the Kingston area is evidence for a former mountain-building event? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following rock types is most likely to be well-sorted? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| On what material is damage to buildings from seismic vibration likely to be least? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The earth's magnetic field has been shown to reverse itself on average about every |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following DECREASES in going from the oceanic crust to the mantle of the earth? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which of the following is used to describe what occurs to produce an earthquake? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following lists magma types in order of increasing viscosity (i.e. the most viscous listed last?) |
|
Definition
| basaltic, andesitic, granitic (BAG) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two elements that can replace one another in the olivine solution? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of soil may eventually develop in a very hot, wet, region such as in the Amazon River basin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following rocks is least likely to have a foliation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A silicate mineral that is not in the presence of water is most likely to be above its melting point at: |
|
Definition
| high temperature and low pressure |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is true about tsunamis? |
|
Definition
| They travel at speeds of 500 to 800 km/h |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the highest global production level of crude oil |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following rock types has provided evidence for a change over Earth history in the levels of oxygen in the atmosphere? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For which group do both minerals have a framework structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is no "one-model-fits-all" solution to problems of population growth-rates that are too high. However, one of the following is MOST directly linked to a reduction in the population growth rate of countries. Which is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main factor that controls the weathering of rocks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| I have hired you to explore for ore deposits that would provide us with the metal copper (Cu.) Which of the following minerals should you be looking for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following features is most likely to be associated with a pale-placer gold deposit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At which of these locations are fissure eruptions most prominent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following elements is NOT found as an essential constituent of plagioclase feldspar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following rocks would be most likely to contain olivine grains? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which ore-deposit type results from the development in a magma chamber of a liquid that is immiscible with the silicate liquid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a highly favourable site for oil formation and accumulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The velocity of seismic S-waves is inversely proportional to which of the following parameters of the material they are passing through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following minerals would be LEAST likely to occur in a granite? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a building block of the silicate minerals, which of the following atoms most often substitutes for silicon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sketch below is a plan map view of a series of sedimentary strata which have been folded and eroded to the horizontal. Strike and dip directions are shown. Which was does the fold plunge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
One way to minimize damage from earthquakes is to build structures with appropriate building materials. Which of the following is the best material to build a structure with in order to minimize potential damage from ground shaking during an earthquake?
a) steel b) stucco c) masonry d) unreinforced concrete e) adobe |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sedimentary rocks immediately below and above an angular unconformity record a history of: |
|
Definition
| Deposition-folding-erosion-deposition (D F E D) |
|
|
Term
| For a mass of rock on a potential failure plane, which of the following terms in the safety factor equation will DECREASE the safety factor if it is decreased? |
|
Definition
| angle of internal friction |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the most abundant sedimentary rock type in the Earth's crust? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following will NOT help codetermine the recurrence history of large (greater than Magnitude 7.5) earthquakes in a region? |
|
Definition
| Setting up seismic stations to record the foci of earthquakes over a 20 year period |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following lists is in correct going from lower to higher grade of regional metamorphism? |
|
Definition
| Slate, mica schist, gneiss (SMSG) |
|
|
Term
| A porphyritic igneous rock indicates |
|
Definition
| A two stage cooling history |
|
|
Term
| The age of the Solar System and the Earth is closest to; |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a litre of sea-water is evaporated, which of the following evaporites that are precipitated will occur in the greatest amount? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a layered intrusion, which igneous rocky type is most likely to be at the bottom of the intrusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following soil types is generally the most suitable on for agriculture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the following rock types, which is most likely to be a trap (i.e. reservoir) rock for trapping oil and gas underground? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When determining the risk of has wasting in an area, which of the following will provide the most valuable information? |
|
Definition
| Analysis of air photographs |
|
|
Term
| In the process of carrying out a risk assessment and risk management process, we calculate the risk by multiplying the probability of the hazard occurring by: |
|
Definition
| Severity of the hazard event |
|
|
Term
| How many earthquakes of Richter magnitude 5 would it take to equal the output of energy from a single earthquake of Richter magnitude 7? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In order to determine the seismic risk of an area, we need to determine the Richter magnitude of earthquakes that occur in that region. The Richter magnitude is determined by: |
|
Definition
| Measuring the amplitude of the seismic waves on a seismogram. |
|
|
Term
| In an attempt to model the composition of the deep layers in the interior of the Earth, we try to re-create conditions deep in the Earth's interior using: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| It is only in the last 40 years that geologists have developed the Plate Tectonic theory. One of the most important consequences of this theory is that it has provided an explanation of how continental mountain ranger are formed. In this framework of the Plate Tectonic theory, where are major continental mountain rangers produced? |
|
Definition
| destructive plate boundaries |
|
|
Term
| The production of a commodity has been growing exponentially with time at a rate of 3% per year. The time required to QUADRUPLE the annual production at this growth rate is closest to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seismic energy waves allow us to essential"x-ray" the Earth's interior. To do this, we se the "inverse-theory" method. For this method, we must: |
|
Definition
| Make a computer model of the Earth and serif the travel-times measured at seismic stations fit the model |
|
|
Term
| In the first 500 million years of earth's history, the Earth's atmosphere was probably |
|
Definition
| Rich in carbon dioxide and poor in oxygen |
|
|
Term
| We can sample rocks at the surface of the Earth to determine their density. But to place limits on the nature of materials deeper in the Earth, we need to determine the AVERAGE density of the Earth. We can do that by studying the interaction of the Earth with the moon. In doing that determination, you would need all but one of the following. Which is the one you don't need? |
|
Definition
| Earth's moment of inertia |
|
|
Term
| An unconformity, like the one in the Kingston area, is best defined as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following types of seismic waves arrive first at a seismic station following an earthquake 500km away from the seismic station? |
|
Definition
| compression-rarefaction waves |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following minerals or mineral/element pairs is closest to the AVERAGE composition of the continental crust? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For which group do both minerals have a sheet structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At which of the following places are you most likely to experience a lahar? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In February 2008, S. Self and S. Blake called one of the following "probably the greatest natural hazard to mankind (sic) in terms of the severity and longevity of impact - the ultimate geologic hazard." Which one were they referring to? |
|
Definition
| A caldera collapse and super-eruption |
|
|
Term
| Water wells have been sunk in the region shown below in the plan map. The height of the water table at each well is indicated (in metres above sea level.) Which way is the groundwater dominantly flowing in the region? |
|
Definition
|
|
