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Definition
| The process of describing abstract concepts in terms of specific indicators by assigning numbers or other symbols to them |
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Term
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Definition
| An observation that we assume is evidence of the attributes or properties of some phenomenon |
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| Four Levels of Measurement |
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Definition
1. Nominal
2. Ordinal
3. Interval
4. Ratio |
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| Techniques of Measurement |
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Definition
1. Verbal Report (Most Common)
2. Observation
3. Archival Records |
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Term
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Definition
| Classify observations into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories |
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Definition
| In addition to having mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, they have a fixed order (e.g. socioeconomic status) |
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Definition
| Mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, fixed order, and equal spacing between ranks (e.g. scales) |
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Definition
| Mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, fixed order, equal spacing, and true zero point |
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Term
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Definition
| A variable having a finite number of distinct and separate values |
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Definition
| A variable which can take on an infinite number of values; no theoretical limit to how precise the measurement might be |
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Definition
| The accuracy of a measure |
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Definition
| A measure of validity based upon logic and common sense |
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Term
| Content Validity / Sampling Validity |
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Definition
An extension of face validity, involving a detailed analysis of the breadth of the measured concept and its relationship to the measuring device
1. Determines full range or domain of the content of a variable
2. Determines whether all the domains are represented among the items that constitute the measuring device
(JURY OPINION-outside analysis by multiple practitioners) |
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Term
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Definition
Establishes validity by showing a correlation between a measurement device and another known accurate measure (More objective)
TWO TYPES
1. Concurrent Validity
2. Predictive Validity (p.116-117) |
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Term
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Definition
Measure of validity which instruments are assessed in terms of how they relate to numerous criteria derived from the same theory
Multitrait-Multimethod Approach:
1. Two measures of same concept should correlate highly
2. Two measures, even if similar, should not correlate highly if they measure different concepts |
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Term
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Definition
A measure's ability to yield consistent results each time it is applied
r=.80 or better |
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Term
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Definition
1. Face Validity
2. Content-Validity / Sampling Validity
3. Criterion Validity (2 types)
4. Construct Validity (Multitrait-Multimethod) |
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Term
| Types of Reliability Assessment |
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Definition
1. Test-Retest
2. Multiple Forms
3. Internal Consistency Approach |
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Term
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Definition
| Most generally applicable assessment of reliability; comparing scores of test and retest |
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Term
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Definition
| Two separate but equivalent versions of a measuring device are administered and compared |
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Term
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Definition
| Split-Half Approach - test group responds to complete measuring instrument; results split and compared |
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Term
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Definition
1. Random Errors - neither consistent or patterned, cancel each other out, weakens precision of correlations
2. Systematic Errors- consistent and patterned, may not cancel themselves out, more troublesome-lead to false conclusions |
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Term
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Definition
Most widely used in social science research; Gathering information from a broad sample of individuals (respondents) by having them responf to questions
TWO TYPES
1. Interviews
2. Questionnaires |
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Term
| Questionnaire Advantages (4) |
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Definition
1. Inexpensive and quick
2. Geographically dispersed sample
3. More accurate answers when dealing with personal/sensitive questions
4. No interviewer bias |
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Term
| Questionnaire Disadvantages (6) |
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Definition
1. Require minimal degree of literacy and facility in English
2. Questions must be easy to comprehend based upon printed instructions
3. No opportunity to probe for additional information
4. No assurance if person filling out questionnaire is intended person
5. Cannot assume independent responses/ respondent may read whole questionnaire first
6. Nonresponse bias |
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Term
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Definition
1. Motivate respondents to give more accurate and complete info
2. Opportunity to explain questions to respondents
3. Control over factors which are uncontrollable with mailed questionnaires
4. More flexible, opportunity for probing
5. Observational information (e.g. attitude, body language) |
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Term
| Interview Disadvantages (4) |
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Definition
1. Cost
2. Time
3. Interviewer Bias
4. Variations in wording |
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Term
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Definition
| Fixed set of response alternatives from which respondents choose |
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Definition
| No response alternatives, leaving respondents open to freedom of expression |
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Definition
| Agreement between observers on the results of measurement |
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Definition
| How we go about getting the participants for our study |
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Definition
| Consists of all possible cases of whatever a researcher is interested in studying |
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Term
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Definition
| A list of the population elements that are used to draw some types of probability samples |
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