Term
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Definition
| an actual or imaginay individual or group conceived of having significant relevance upon an individual's evaluation, aspirations, or behavior |
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Definition
| the reference group helps set and enforce fundamental standards of conduct as it gives reinforcement and criticism to the individual |
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Definition
| decisions about specific brands or activities are affected as individuals compare themselves to group members |
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| membership reference group |
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Definition
| consists of people the consumer actually knows |
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| aspirational reference group |
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Definition
| consists of people the consumer can identify with or admires |
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Term
| virtual community of consumption |
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Definition
| a colleciton of people whose online interactions are based on shared enthusiasm for and knowledge of a specific consumption activity |
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Definition
| the capacity to alter the actions of others |
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| consumers voluntarily change behaviors to please or identify with a referent |
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| influence consumer opinion by virtue of their "assumed" access to the "truth" |
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| conferred by a uniform, is recognized in many consumer contexts, ex: students wearing white coats in teaching hospitals to enhance aura of authority with patients |
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| derived from possessing a certain skill of specific knowledge |
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| extent to which an entity can control the dispensing of rewards or benefits, extent to which reinforcement is valued or desired |
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| influencing a person by social of physical intimidation |
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Definition
| a change in beliefs or actions as a reaction to real or imagined group pressure |
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| informal rules that govern behavior |
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| the most common form of clothing worn among a given group of people |
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Definition
| a characteristic or distinctive form of dress |
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| represents the popular, accepted, prevailing style at any given time |
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Definition
| a desire to set one's self apart from the norm |
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Definition
| looking to the behavior of others to provide a yardstick about reality, this process occurs as a way to increase the stability of one's self-evaluation |
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Definition
| individual identities get submerged within a group; people in larger groups or those in situations where they are likely to be unidentified tend to focus less attention on themselves, so normal restraints on behavior are reduced |
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Definition
| oblivious to what is expected, "march to their own drum" |
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Definition
| negative emotional state in which people have a deep-seated need to preserve freedom of choice and when they are threatened with a loss of freedom, they try to overcome this loss |
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Definition
| promotional strategies that use unconventinoal locations and intensive word-of-mouth campaigns to push products |
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Definition
| fashion firms quietly sneak nest season's designs onto influential types-editors, stylists, artists, and deejays, people who have the power to influence others by word-of-mouth and "subtle osmosis" |
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Definition
| the strategy of getting customer to sell a product on behalf of the company that creates it |
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Definition
| the newest form of word-of-mouth, using facebook and myspace |
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| opinion leaders/influentials |
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Definition
| people who are knowledgeable about products and whose advise is taken seriously by others |
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Definition
| people who are actively involved in transmitting marketplace information of all types |
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Definition
| an person who is hired to provide input into purchase decisions |
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Definition
| used to trace communication patterns amondg members of a group and allow researchers to systematically map out the interaction that takes place among all group members |
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Definition
| consumer's belief that they are more pressed for time than every before |
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Definition
| general attitudes about shopping. may vary depending on the particular product categories and store types considered |
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Definition
| personality of a store; composed of store features, coupled with such consumer characteristics as shopping orientation, help predict which shopping outlets people will prefer |
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Definition
| the "conscious designing of space and its various dimensions to evoke certain effects in buyers". include colors, scents, and sounds |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the person experiences a sudden urge that he or she cannot resist to purchase a product, most often small accessories |
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| point-of-purchase (POP) stimuli |
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Definition
| increase impulse purchases; range from elaborate displays and demonstrations to someone giving free samples of a new fragrance in a department store |
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Definition
| stresses that every interaction involves an exchange of value, between salesperson and consumer and is the idea that each participant gives something to the other and hopes to receive something in return |
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| consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction |
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Definition
| determined by the overall feelings, or attitude, a person has about a product after it has been purchased |
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| expectancy disconfirmation model |
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Definition
| consumers form beliefs about product performance based on prior experience with the product and/or communications about the product that imply a certain level of quality |
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Definition
| already purchased objects are sold to others or exchanged for still other things |
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Definition
| rules of conduct that guide actions in the marketplace-the standards against which most people in a culture judge what is right and wrong, good and bad, socially acceptable or unacceptable |
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Definition
| codes of conduct that guide our daily living as individuals. these universal standards or values include honesty, trustworthiness, fairness, respect, justice, integrity, concern for others, accountability, loyalty, and responsible citizenship. |
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| going beyond what is legal and doing what can benefit society |
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| those who exhibit environmental concerns through their purchase behavior |
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Definition
| a physiological and/or psychological dependency on products and services |
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Definition
| repetitive shopping, often excessive, as an antidote to tension, anxiety, depression, or boredom |
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Definition
| the industry term for inventory and cash losses due to shoplifting and employee theft (about 40% of the losses can be attributed to employees rather than shoppers) |
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Definition
| products and services are deliberately defaced or destroyed (ex: product tampering or graffiti) |
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Term
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Definition
| anticonsumption in the form of social protests in which activists alter or destroy billboards and other advertisement that promote what they feel to be unhealthy or unethical acts |
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Term
| Federal Trade Commissions (FTC) |
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Definition
| created to protect consumers against unfair, deceptive, and anticompetitive business practices. deals with abusive advertising, credit, and many other aspects of business that directly affect consumers. |
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Term
| Wool Products Labeling Act |
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Definition
| requires wool products to indicate the type of wool used. |
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Term
| Fur Products Labeling Act |
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Definition
| furs must be labeled and advertised as to whether the fur is natural, dyed, bleached, or otherwise artificially colored; they must include the name of the animal from which the skin came and the country of origin of imported furs |
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| Textile Fiber Products Identification Act |
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Definition
| apparel items must be labeled with the percentage of fiber content by weight (or percentage) and fibers of less than 5% are not required to be listed, with the exception of spandex |
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Definition
| undercoating of waterfowl |
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Definition
| when you buy a garment, the label include one method of safe care. it does not have to include all of the safe care methods, just one, and it also does not have to indicate if certain methods are harmful to the garment. it must specify washing, drying, bleaching, ironing and/or dry-cleaning procedures. |
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Definition
| manufacturers could recommend, but not set retail prices; violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act |
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Definition
| limited monopolies; violated by price maintenance |
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Definition
| aka price maintenance laws; had protected the small retailers from the large retailers as they both sold the same goods at the same prices |
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| Consumer Goods Pricing Act |
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Definition
| ended fair trade laws and allowed retailers to sell products below manufacturers suggested retail prices, giving consumers the opportunity for lower prices from discounters and hurting small businesses |
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Term
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Definition
| a retailer prices a product below cost with the intent of driving out competition-which is illegal. Wal-Mart has been accused of this |
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Term
| Consumer Product Safety Commission |
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Definition
| an independent federal regulatory agency that protects the public against unreasonable risks of injury (from clothing to toasters), assists consumers in evaluating products' comparative safety, develops uniform safety standards, and promotes investigation into the causes and prevention of product-related deaths, illnesses, and injuries |
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Term
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Definition
| regulations that apply to clothing, plastics, carpets, rugs, mattresses, and mattress pads; prohibits the sale of apparel made from dangerous flammable fabrics. |
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Term
| Food and Drug Administration (FDA) |
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Definition
| regulates not just food and drugs, but also the cosmetic industry. only tests drugs for safety and effectiveness. |
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Term
| Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act |
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Definition
| defines cosmetics as "articles other than soap which are applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions |
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| Fair Packaging and Labeling Act |
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Definition
| requires an ingredient declaration on every cosmetic product offered for sale to consumers, listed in descending order of quantity |
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Term
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Definition
| trademarks, copyrights, and patents of a company |
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Term
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Definition
| fakes or copies of popular branded merchandise illegally using the trademark or brand name of the rightful owner |
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Term
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Definition
| any word, name, or symbol that has been adopted and used by the owner to identify a product and distinguish it from others |
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Term
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Definition
| a law criminalizing trademark counterfeiting |
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Term
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Definition
| the "look" of the product, involving trademarks |
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Term
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Definition
| protection fro original creative writings, photos, music, or works of art (fashion isn't usually copyrighted because it is not seen as "original") |
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Term
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Definition
| granted to an inventor and gives them the right for 20 years to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention (usually granted for items with a unique process or material) |
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Term
| parallel imports/gray goods |
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Definition
| goods that may be trademarked but are imported by companies who are not authorized to sell them; purchased legally in the country of manufacture and brought to the US to be sold (don't come with warranties and may be expired) |
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Term
| Endangered Species Act of 1973 |
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Definition
| recognized that endangered species of fish, wildlife, and plants "are of esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific value to the nation and its people" |
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Term
| Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) |
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Definition
| a federal civil rights law that prohibits the exclusion of people with disabilities from everyday activities, such as buying clothing at department stores, watching a movie in a theater, enjoying a meal at a restaurant, etc. |
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Term
| Better Business Bureau (BBB) |
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Definition
| nonprofit organizations supported primarily by local business members in a community |
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Term
| International Fabricare Institute (IMI) |
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Definition
| trade association of professional dry cleaners and launderers |
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Term
| Direct Marketing Association (DMA) |
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Definition
| a business trade association founded in 1917 serving the direct marketing field, it offers consumer information through it's website such as shopping tips and your rights as a consumer |
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