Term
| Oxygen is in higher concentration in the ______ and diffuses in the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Carbon dioxide is in higher concentration in the ______ and diffuses in the ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Respiratory Quotient (RQ) = |
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Definition
VCO2/VO2
At rest, cells use 250 mL o2/min
At rest, cells generate 200 mL/ Co2 min
Resting RQ= 200/250= 0.8 |
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Term
| A high lipid diet results in |
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Definition
| low RQ (0.7) because O2 is consumed independent of carbon dioxide production during lipid catabolism |
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Term
| The pressure exerted by each individual gas is called _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Partial pressure is determined by which 2 factors |
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Definition
1) Fractional concentration of gas in that mixture (Quanity relative to total quanity)
2) Total pressure exerted by the gas mixture |
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Term
| Total Barometric Pressure (P) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| As air moves through the conduction zone what is it humidified too? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does Total Barometric Pressure (P) decrease or increase with 100% Humidity? |
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Definition
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Term
| CO2 is 20X (more/less) soluble than water |
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Definition
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Term
| At equilibrium, partial pressure of gas in liquid equals the partial pressure of the gas in air, but this does not mean ___________ |
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Definition
| that the concentrations of the gas are in equal form |
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Term
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Definition
When temperature is constant, the concentration of gases in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure
c = kP |
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Term
| According to Henry's law, as P increase, c _______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to scuba divers with "the bends"? |
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Definition
If a diver surfaces too quickly, nitrogen gas bubbles form in the blood as the pressure decreases (also called decompression sickness)
These bubbles lodge in the joints, vessels and nervous system |
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Term
| How do alveolar gas pressures differ from Patm? |
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Definition
1) Exchange of gases occur continually between alveolar air and capillary blood
2) Upon inspiration, fresh atmospheric air mixes with air rich in CO2 and relatively poor O2 in the dead space (of conducting zone)
3) Air in alveoli is saturated with water vapor |
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Term
| What 2 partial pressures are the same in the partial pressures of O2 and Co2 in atmospheric air, alveolar air and various sites in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mixed venous blood is important because |
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Definition
| all tissues use different amount of O2 and CO2 (although it is the same in right atrium) |
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Term
| Why is diffusion rate (of O2 and CO2) rapid? |
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Definition
| thinness of respiratory membrane |
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Term
| Why is the speed of gas exchange important? |
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Definition
| Provides a safety margin so that gases can still equilibrate between capillary blood and alveolar air even if blood is flowing at a rate up to 3 times faster (example: exercise) |
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Term
| Pulmonary Edema causes: (increase/decrease) distance between alveoli and capillaries, which (increases/decreases) thickness of the diffusion barrier between air and blood, which (increases/decrease) rate of diffusion of gases, which (increases/decreases)exchange of gases, resulting in (higher/lower) PO2 and (higher/lower) PCO2 |
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Definition
Increases
Increases
Decreases
Decreases
Lower
Higher |
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Term
| When O2 and CO2 diffuse down their partial pressure gradient, O2 moves from ____ to ____ while CO2 moves from ____ to _____ |
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Definition
Blood; Tissue
Tissue; blood |
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Term
| Venous blood coming from the capillaries will have a (higher/lower) PO2 and a (higher/lower) PCO2, than venous blood coming from capillaries supplying less active tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that affect Alveolar Partial Pressures |
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Definition
1) PO2 and PCO2 of inspired air
2) Minute alveolar ventilation (volume of fresh air reaching the alveoli each minute)
3) rates at which respiring tissues consume O2 and produce CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency of O2 in the tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency of O2 in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| deficiency of CO2 in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of excess fluid in the lungs |
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Term
| Most important feature of the transportation of O2 |
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Definition
Reversible
Tight enough so that it can pick up large quanities of O2 in the lungs, but not not so tight that it can't release the oxygen into respiring tissues later |
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Term
| When hemoglobin in 100% saturated |
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Definition
| 1 gram of hemoglobin carries 1.34 mL of O2 (so 200 mL of oxygen in every liter) |
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Term
| Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve |
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Definition
| Percent of saturation increases as PO2 increases, but binding isn't linear! S-shaped because the ability of hemoglobin to bind depends on the amount of oxygen already bound |
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Term
| Partial Pressure: Atmospheric Air |
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Definition
O2 = 160 mmHg
CO2 = 0.3 mmHg |
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Term
| Partial Pressure: Alveolar air |
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Definition
O2 = 100 mmHg
CO2 = 40 mmHg |
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Term
| Partial Pressure: Pulmonary viens |
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Definition
O2 = 100 mmHg
CO2 = 40 mmHg |
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Term
| Partial Pressure: Systemic Arteries |
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Definition
O2 = 100 mmHg
CO2 = 40 mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
O2 = <40 mmHg
CO2 = >46 mmHg |
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Term
| Partial Pressure: Systemic Veins |
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Definition
O2 = 40 mmHg
CO2 = 46 mmHg |
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Term
| Partial Pressure: Pulmonary Arteries |
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Definition
O2 = 40 mmHg
CO2 = 46 mmHg |
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Term
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Definition
| (doesn't happen in blood), very little oxyhemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
At Po2 between 20-40, affinity for O2 increases as more O2 binds with Hb
(Hemoglobin taking in more O2) |
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Term
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Definition
| Above PO2 of ~60, less available binding sites as Hb approaches saturation |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to hemoglobin more readily than oxygen, prevents oxygen from binding, decreases oxygen carrying capacity |
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Term
| What lead to decreased affinity and promote O2 off-loading? |
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Definition
1) Increased Temp
2) Decreased pH
3) Increased CO2 |
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Term
| Transportation of CO2 in the Blood |
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Definition
1) 5% dissolved in plasm
2) 10% CO2 Hb-bound
3) 85% HCO3 |
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Term
| Systemic tissues: PO2 (increases/decreases) and PCO2 (increases/decreases)= CO2 ______ and PCO2 _______ |
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Definition
Decreases
Increases
Loading
Unloading
Opposite: in lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| catalyzes the reversible reaction that converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid (h2CO3) |
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Term
| (Acid Base Balance) An (increase/decrease) in PCO2, causes an (Increase/decrease) in the acidity of blood, which (increases/decrease) hydrogen ion concentration |
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Definition
| Increase FOR ALLL OF DEEEMMM |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide content of blood falls as the PO2 rises |
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Term
| O2 (release/loading) at tissues promotes CO2 (release/loading) |
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Definition
Release
Loading
(opposite in alveoli) |
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Term
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Definition
| When oxygen binds to hemoglobin, certain amino acids in the protein release hydrogen ions (Increase in pH/Decrease in hydrogen ions or vice versa is the effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| Carbon dioxide is bound to hemoglobin, it changes hemoglobin's conformation and decreases it's affinity for oxygen (PCO2) |
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Term
| Decrease in PO2, direct effects is increase O2 (unloading/loading), it's Haldane effect is increased CO2 (unloading/loading) and it's carbamino effect is (Increased/Decreased) Hemoglobin's affinity for O2 |
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Definition
unloading
loading
Decreased |
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Term
| Increase in PCO2, direct effects is increased CO2 (loading/unloading), if there is an increase in Hydrogen ions, pH (decreases/increases) (Bohr Effect), it's carbamino effect is (decreased/increased) Hemoglobin's affinity for O2 |
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Definition
Loading
Decreased
Decreased |
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Term
| The body maintains normal partial pressured of O2 and CO2 |
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Definition
| through changing Ve (Vt x RR) by ventilation |
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Term
| What innervates the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| Respiratory Control Centers are located |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Ventral respiratory group (2 expiratory/ 1 inspiratory)
-Dorsal Respiratory group (primarily inspiratory)
-Groups of inspiratory and expiratory neurons and expiration |
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Term
|
Definition
-Pontine respiratory group
-Neurons involved in inspiratory and expiration |
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Term
| Central Pattern Generator |
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Definition
| Location unknown, but helps with collaboration and redundancy (also with Pons and Medulla) for a 'back up' system that will help protect the body |
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Term
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Definition
detect changes in partial pressures of O2 and CO2 and relay this information to the respiratory control center
-Increased PO2 & Decreased PCO2 = increased Ventilation |
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Term
| Peripheral Chemoreceptors |
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Definition
Carotid bodies near carotid sinus
-In direct contact with arterial blood and communicate with afferent neurons projecting medullary respiratory control
-Respond to changes in PO2, PCO2, or pH |
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Term
|
Definition
Medulla oblongata
-respond directly to changes in hydrogen ion concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid surrounding the area, also affected indirectly by PCO2
(But not PO2) |
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Term
| Decreased PO2 (< 60 mmHg), which activates (peripheral/central) chemoreceptors that detect and respond by (increasing/decreasing) ventilation |
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Definition
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Term
| Increased PCO2, with Increased H+ ions, which is an (increase/decrease) in pH, which activates (peripheral/central) chemoreceptors, which (increase/decrease) ventilation |
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Definition
decrease
peripheral
increase |
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Term
| Increased PCO2 (in Cerebrospinal fluid), which decrease ph (so theres an increase/decrease in H+), and (peripheral/central) chemoreceptors detect and respond, by (increase/decrease) ventilation |
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Definition
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Term
| It is ideal for blood flow (Q) to match |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypoventilation = (increase/decrease) in PCO2, (increase/decrease) in H+, (increase/decrease) in PO2 = chemoreceptors detect and respond = (increase/decrease) ventilation |
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Definition
Increase
increase
decrease
increase |
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Term
| ______ of lung is over perfused relative to ventilation |
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Definition
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Term
| As long as we have _____ Va/Q ration, our body will be okay |
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Definition
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Term
| Factors that affect ventilation-perfusion inequalities |
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Definition
| Disease, damages to pulmonary capillaries, gravity, blood flow, exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| Va Decreases, no change in Q (Va/Q ratio decrease) |
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Term
| Obstruction of blood vessel |
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Definition
| Va no change, decrease in Q (Va/Q ratio increases) |
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Term
| O2 predominantly acts on ____________ |
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Definition
| pulmonary arteriolar smooth muscle |
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Term
| CO2 predominantly acts on _____________ |
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Definition
| bronchiolar smooth muscle |
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Term
| In the lungs, O2 and CO2 have (similar/opposite) effects on pulmonary arterioles compared to systemic arterioles |
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Definition
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Term
| Increase in PCO2 and Decrease in PO2 = (increase/decrease) in contractile activity of smooth muscle in bronchioles, which equals Bronchodilation= (decreased/increase) resistance of respiratory tract which equals increase in ventilation |
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Definition
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Term
| Increase in PCO2 and Decrease in PO2 = (increase/decrease) in contractile activity of smooth muscle in pulmonary arteries, which equals vasoconstriction = (decrease/increase) resistance in pulmonary circuit which equals decreased perfusion |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Respiratory System Buffers |
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Definition
| Hemoglobin and Bicarbonate |
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Term
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Definition
Hb x O2 ---> O2 + Hb
hB + (H+) ---> HbH |
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Term
|
Definition
CO2 + H2O ---> H2CO3 ---> HCO3- + (H+)
(H+) + Hb --> HbH |
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Term
| At high altitudes, Patm is |
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Definition
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Term
| Acute exposure to High Altitude |
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Definition
Hypozemia ===> hypoxia
Increase in ventilation ---> alkalemia (pH>7.45)--> increase in Hb-O2 affinity (less off-loading in tissues, more O2 loading at the lungs) |
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Term
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Definition
Kidneys start helping out
Kidneys excrete bicarbonate and secrete erythropoietin = more Hb --> polycythemia |
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Term
| How much oxygen is contained in a liter of blood? Does it all directly contribute to blood PO2? |
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Definition
~ 200mL O2/L
~ 3mL dissolved in plasma (DIRECT contributor to blood PO2)
~ 197 oxyhemoglobin (indirectly contributor to blood PO2) |
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Term
Alveolar PO2 value?
Alveolar PCO2 value? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Resting venous blood is __% saturated |
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Definition
|
|
Term
1g of hemoglobin carries how much oxygen at 100% saturation?
How mch Hb is in the blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve describes the relationship between ______ and ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is PCO2 46 and PO2 40? |
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Definition
| systemic veins, pulmonary arteries, and cells (tissues) |
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Term
| Where is PO2 100 and PCO2 40? |
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Definition
| systemic arteries, pulmonary veins, alveolar air |
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Term
What does carbonic acid (H2CO3) dissociate into?
What happens to these products? |
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Definition
hydrogen ion (H+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-)
bicarbonate leaves the RBC, bringing chloride in
H+ binds with hemoglobin, decreasing Hb affinity for O2 |
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Term
| An increase in CO2 would cause (increase/decrease) in H+ |
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Definition
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Term
| The body maintains normal partial pressures of O2 and CO2 by changing |
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Definition
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Term
| Central chemoreceptors are located in the _________ and respond to changes in ________. |
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Definition
dorsal medulla
PCO2 (NOT PO2)!! |
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|
Term
| Base of lung is (over/under) perfused relative to ventilation |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| CO2 acts predominantly on (pulmonary arteriolar/bronchiolar) smooth muscle |
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Definition
|
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Term
| O2 acts predominantly on (pulmonary arteriolar/bronchiolar) smooth muscle |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Increased PO2 would (dilate/constrict) pulmonary arterioles |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Increased CO2 would (dilate/constrict) bronchiolar smooth muscles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Decrease in PO2
(increase/decrease) O2 unloading
(increase/decrease) CO2 loading |
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Definition
Decrease in PO2
increase O2 unloading
increase CO2 loading |
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