Term
| Regulatory protein that is activated by calcium ions to cause skeletel muscle contraction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Initiation of translation takes place in the? |
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Definition
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Term
| Main difference of phagocytosis vs pinocytosis? |
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Definition
Large PARTICLES, bacteria, dead cells, debris.
Evagination
Not spontaneous or nonselective
Opsonization-antibody attaches bacteria to phagocytic receptor |
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Term
| Main difference of pinocytosis vs phagocytosis? |
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Definition
large MACROMOLECULES, proteins molecules
Invagination
Can't do bacteria
Occurs in most cells |
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Term
| Similarities between pino/phagocytosis? |
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Definition
Involve mvnt of plasma membrane
Use actin filiments
Both use ATP |
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Term
| The formation of proteins on ribosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
mRNA comes in contact with ribosome, protein molecules are formed and freed into the cytoplasm.
there is no specificity of ribosomes to proteins. |
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Term
| Zipper like manner to close? pino or phago? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle: does not have troponin complex? |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle: slow cycling of myosin cross bridges |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle: Ca+ ions combine with Calmodulin. Calmodium/Ca+ combine activates myosin ligh chain kinase |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle: Ca+ combines with troponin |
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Definition
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Term
In smooth muscle Ca+ binds with?
to activate? |
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Definition
Calmodulin
myosin light chain kinase, a phosphorylating enzyme. |
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Term
| Redundancy or degeneration of the genetic code take place during which step of protien synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of diffusion can work in the absence of ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Diff. between simple and facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
Simple-open channel, follows concentration gradient.
Facilitated: requires carrier protein. |
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Term
| The primary mechanism where solutes move accross a capillary wal? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the ATP is formed here> |
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Definition
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Term
| Converted to pyruvic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain citric acid/Kreb's cycle |
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Definition
Pyruvic acid--> carbohydrates
Lipids --> Fatty acids
Proteins--> AA
All are converted to CoA in the matrix of the mitochondria via the chemical reactions of kreb and citric cycle. |
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Term
| What is the consequence of myelination in large nerve fibers? |
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Definition
| Action potentials in myelinated axons occur only at the period breaks in the myelin sheath. Called nodes of Ranvier. |
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Term
| What are the nodes of Ranvier? |
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Definition
| Periodic breaks in the myelin sheath where action potentials can occur. |
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Term
| Benefits of myelination of nerves? |
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Definition
Insulation to axon membrance, decreasing membrance capacitance therfore decreasing leakage.
Increases the velocity of nerve impulses.
minimizes the # of charges that cross the membrance during an impulse, thus minimizing the energy required by Na, K-ATPase to re-establish the relative concentration gradients. |
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Term
| How much time does it take for blood to circulate in the body? |
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Definition
1 minute for complete circuit at rest.
or about 5L/min. |
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Term
| This hormone has two major effects on the heart. First, it decreases the rate of the rhythm of the sinus node, and second, it decreases the excitability of the A-V junctional fibers between the atrial musculature and the A-V node, thereby slowing transmission of the cardiac impulse into the ventricles. |
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Definition
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Term
| Effect of acetylcholine on heart? |
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Definition
| Stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves to the heart(the vagi) causes the hormone acetylcholine to be released at the vagal endings. This hormone has two major effects on the heart. First, it decreases the rate of the rhythm of the sinus node, and second, it decreases the excitability of the A-V junctional fibers between the atrial musculature and the A-V node, thereby slowing transmission of the cardiac impulse into the ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| First heart sound. Closure of AV valves. (mitral and tricuspid) beggining of systole |
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Term
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Definition
| closure of semilunar valces (aortic and pulmonic)at the end of systole |
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Term
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Definition
| The time between the beginning of the p wave and the beginning of the qrs complex. The interval between the beginning of electrical excitation of the atria and the beginning excitation of the ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by potientials generated when the ventricles depolarize before contraction, that is, as the depolarization wave spreads through the ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| the contraction of the ventricle, lasts from q to t. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ventricles recover from a state of depolarization, repolarization wave. |
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Term
| What increases the transport of O2 accross capillary walls? |
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Definition
| Lipid soluble: can diffuse directly through the cell membrane. Co2 can also do this. THey can permeate all areas of the capillary membrane. |
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Term
| Explain how in adult s, their metabolic needs are the main factor that effects blood flow to skeletal muscles. |
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Definition
| An increase in metabolism up to 8x, increases blood flow acutely about 4x. |
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Term
| Important local vasodilator for controlling local blood flow? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 special examples of metabolic control mechanisms for controlling blood flow? |
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Definition
| Reactive hyperemia, active hyperemia |
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Term
| Type of blood flow mechanism set into effect after an occlusion |
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Definition
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Term
| Type of blood flow mechanism set into effect when any tissue becomes highly active, like excercise, brain rapid mental activity, high liver function, etc |
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Definition
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Term
| The inverse of vascular resistance is? |
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Definition
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Term
under normal physiological conditions, blood flow to the skeletal muscles is determined mainly by which of the following?
sympathetic nerves
angiotension II
vasopressin
metabolic needs
capillary osmotic pressure |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain sympathetic vaso reaction |
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Definition
Norepinephrine a powerful vasoconstrictor hormone is realeased. Along with epinephrine(is less of a vasoconstrictor and in some tissues causes vasodilation like the heart)
When the SNS is stimulated norepi is released which stimulates the heart and contracts the veins and arterioles. |
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Term
| What are some important vasocontrictor agents? |
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Definition
Norepi, epinephrine
AngiotensionII
Vasopressin*(antidiuretic hormone) |
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Term
| Important vasodilator agents |
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Definition
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Term
| See pg 200 for more vascular control by ions and other chemical factors |
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Definition
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Term
| RANDOM molecular movement of substances, molecule by molecule. Either through intermolecular spaces in the membrance or in combination with a carrier protein. |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement of IONS or other substances across the membrance in combination with a carrier protien in such a way that the carrier protien causes the substance to move AGAINST an energy gradient, require an additional energy source. |
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Definition
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Term
| fluid movement across capillaries determined by hydrostatic and colloid osmotic pressures. |
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Definition
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Term
| Simple and facilitated diffusion have what in common? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of diffusion is not rate limited by intrinsic Vmax? |
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Definition
| Simple, can go through carrier channels and the rate is linear with solute concentration. |
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Term
| Among the most important substances that cross cell membranes by facilitated diffusion are? |
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Definition
Glucose, and most amino acids. pg50
(q 51 pg 15) |
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Term
| Sodium dependent transport of calcium, hydrogen is an example of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| A good example of simple diffusion would be? |
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Definition
| Transport of 02 across lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| Na dependent transport of glucose and amino acids. |
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Term
| transport of glucose formt eh intestinal lumen to an intestinal epithelial cell is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| movement of Na+ ions into a nerve cell during the upstroke of an action potential is an example of> |
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Definition
| simple diffusion, because during the rapid depol phase of nerve action potential, voltage sensitive na+ channels open and allow the influx of Na+ ions into the cytosol. |
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Term
| What substances use simple diffusion through lipid bilayer |
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Definition
| O2, nitrogen,Co2, alcohols. |
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Term
| Adensine, Lactic Acid, Potassium ions, diminished calcium ion concentration, and increased body temp |
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Definition
| Can cause vasodilation locally. |
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Term
| A hormone causes contraction of a smooth muschle when the muscle cell mebrane contains ____________________? |
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Definition
| Hormonegated exitatory receptors for the respective hormone. |
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Term
| Hormone gated excitatory receptors cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibitory receptors cause? |
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Definition
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Term
| The viscosity of blood is about ___ times the viscosity of water |
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Definition
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Term
| The proportion of blood that is red blood cells is? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when hematocrit rises to 60 or 70. blood flow through vessels is greatly retarded. |
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Term
| vicosity of whole blood at normal hematocrit is about __? which means? |
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Definition
| 3, which means 3 times as much pressure is required to force whole blood as to force water through the same blood vessel. |
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Term
| Whenever an excess amount of blood flows through a tissue, the local tissue vasculature _____ and _____ the blood flow back to normal. |
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Definition
Constrics, decreases
pg 217 (top right) |
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Term
| Difference between osmolarity and osmolality? |
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Definition
Molar =SOLUTE concentration, osm/L
Molal= POWDER osm/kg |
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Term
| Explain autoregulation of tissue blood flow in response to increases and decreases in arterial pressures. |
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Definition
metabolic theory- excess flow washes out vasodilators.
myogenic theory-stretch of small blood vessels causes the smooth muscle of the vessel wall to contract. |
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Term
| Lymph flow is determined by? |
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Definition
| interstitial fluid pressure and activity of lymphatic pump. Rate of lymph flow is determ. by the product of the interstitial fluid pressure times the activity of the lymphatic pump. |
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Term
| Understand how calcium binds to troponin |
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Definition
| Calcium binds to troponin C, causing it to pull the tropomyosin off of the active sites on the actin allowing the myosin head to bind to the active sites and undergo contraction. |
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Term
| Review the concentration gradients of potassium. |
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Definition
Extracellular fluid concentration of potassium = 4
Intracellular fluid concentration of potassium = 140 |
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Term
| How do you calculate the net pressure for fluid movement across a capillary wall? |
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Definition
NP=Pc-Pif-IIp+IIif
Pc=capillary pressure
Pif=Interstitial fluid pressure
IIp=plasma colloid osmotic pressure
IIif=Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure. |
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Term
| Review how calcium is stored in transverse tubules. |
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Definition
Calcium is stored in the vesicular tubules and is bound to the protein calsequestrin in the sarcoplasmic reticulum which is released in response to an action potential.
In cardiac muscle it is also bound to mucopolysaccharides in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. |
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Term
| _________ is when the tension remains the same but the muscle length changes. It depends on the load the muscle contracts against and the inertia of the load. |
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Definition
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Term
| ________ is when the muscle length remains the same. It is used to compare functional characteristics of different types of muscles because it records changes in the force of contraction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Properties of glycocalyx? |
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Definition
Carbohydrate outside surface coating of the cell.
Negative charge, attaches to communicate with some other cells.
Immune reactions |
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