dura matter

arachnoid matter

pia matter 

it clings directly to the brain and spinal cord

(delicate mother)

telencephalon

diencephalon

metencephalon

mesencephalon

myelencephalon

Where to blood vessels enter the brain through? (they come through this layer)

What is it composed of?

The Subarachnoid space

(contains blood vessels and arteries and cerebral spinal fluid)

supports nourishes and cushions brain

extremely painful

stabbing pains each time head moved 

2 lateral ventricles

the third ventrical (centally located)

fourth ventrical (small in hindbrain)

the subarachnoid space

central canal of spinal chord

in the ventricles

via Choroid plexuses

increases the amount of storage space we have in the brain

(sulci, fissures, gyri)

central sulcus (sep parietal)

lateral fissure (sep temporal)

numbered areas of the brain

-numbered based on cell types and organization

primary motor cortex

primary olfactory cortex

primary somatosensory cortex

primary gustatory cortex

primary and secondary (of motor and sensory)

association areas (for higher mental processing)

immediately posterior to the central sulcus

(in the parietal lobe)

-rep of human body (humunculous)

-specifica area for speech, hand, finger, and eye-hand coord

anterior to the central sulcus

(the precentral gyrus)

Brodmanns area 4

anterior to primary motor strip

Brodmanns areas #6

allows info to be further processed, draws on move information

paralyses

apraxia

production

attention shifted

planning occurs

things remembered

most sensory info first arrives here

primary motor area sends commands to muscles

loc in ant frontal lobe

its an association area - higher aspects of motor control and planning/execution of behavoir and other cognitive functions (control of behavior, abstract thinking and reasoning)

lack of inhibition behaviors including speech

may have normal intelligence and memory but personality changed

bilateral lesion - reduced or cessation of behavior

Brodmann 44

in front of the area of the primary motor cortex that conntrols jaw, lip, tongue and vocal cord movements 

posterior inferior parietal lobe (just post to wernickes)

Broadmans area #39

involved with processing of auditory and visual input and language comprehension

processes letters with corresponding sounds

imp for reading, writing, abstract thinking and calculation

inferior lateral parietal lobe

broadmans area #30

involved in reading (meaning and phonology)

symbolic integration for writing

- speech comprehension (semantic processing)

-intergation of written and oral symbols to make them meaningful

- has primary auditory cortex and secondary auditory cortex

- imp for memory (medial areas)

Heschl's convolutions 

Broadman 41 and 42

dorsal surface of superior temporal gyrus (also buried within sylvian fissure)

pure word deafness

(inability to understand words but preserved recog of non-verbal sounds)

left posterior portion of superior temporal gyrus

encircles the auditory cortex on sylvian fissure

Broadman areas 22

Critical to understanding of language

acoustic signal to wernickes/primary auditory then to motor cortex/brocas

 then word executed

affects appreciation of music and rhythm

non verbal memory

superior (first convolution)

middle (second)

inferioir (third)

colour agnosia

movement agnosia

agraphia 

projection

association

commissural

sensory and motor fibres that travel vertically from cortex to brainstem and spinal cord

(through internal capsule)

the most numerous ones

confined within a hemisphere

the arcuate fasiculus - connects broca's and wernicke's

Cingulum 

Inferior longitudinal fasciculus - connects temp and occip

ones that run horizonally and connect corresponding areas of both hemispheres

(through corpus callosum & anterior commissure)

thalamic naming and memory mechanisms

insular,capsular and striatal language and speech mechanisms

2 Carotid arteries - carry blood to anterior system

2 Vertebral arteries - carry blood to posterior system

carotid artery enters carotid canal thru cavernous sinus

thru dura, arachnoid matter

goes along subarachnoid space,

exist and ascents to split into anterior cerebral artery and larger middle cerebral artery

vertebral arteries enter skull thru foramen magnum

- they join at pons/medulla to form basilar artery

basialr artery ascents to pons/midbrain where it splits into the two post cerebral arteries

What does the posterior cerebral artery supply?

inf part of temporal lobe and occipital lobe

(connects with the posterioir communicating arteries to complete the circle of willis)

network of blood vessels at the base of the brain

formed by proximal parts of the two anterior cerebral arteries

and proximal parts of posterioir cerebral arteries

All bllood from 2 internal carotids and basilar system comes together here and then gets redistributes by ant,middle and cerebral arteries  here

anterior

middle 

posterior

the inferior temporal gyrus

the occipital lobe

primary visual area

occulusion of this can cause blindness and cerebellar issues

a lot of the brain

areas lateral

main vessel is within sylvian fissure

Most involved with speech (supplies, somatosensory cortex, motor cortex, broca's area, heschl's gyrus, wernicke's area, angular and supramarginal gyrus)

the medial portions of the cortex

(issues here will affect, motor to lower extremities, prefrontal lobe syndrome

Occurs when there is a blockage in the blood supply to the brain

most common form (85%)

examples are: thrombosis, embolism, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)

3 types:

Intracerebral: rupture of intracranial artery (get blood accumulation)

Subdural: traumatic injury and blood vessels in arachnoid tissue)

Aneurysm: weakness in blood vessel wall)

its a congenital condition where there are bad conncetions between arteries

-susceptible to hemorrhaging

ischemic - blood clot blocks an artery, disrupting flow to the brain

hemorrhagic - blood vessel in the brain bursts and damages nearby tissue

contralaterality (left controls right)

hemispheric specialization (lang more in left)

left - speech, reading, writing, math, language related sounds

right - non verbal aspects of language, prosody, narrative, inference, spatial, perceptual info processing

behavioral assessment

medically based techniques (lesions, direct stimulation)

Imaging techniques