Term
| Name the two camps in the history of aphasia |
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Definition
| localizationists, antilocalizationists |
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Term
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Definition
| Pure localizatoinists believe that every type of linguistic behavior can be localized in a particular part of the brain. |
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Definition
| Pure antilocalizationists view the brain as an integrated unit like a hologram and believe that damage to one area of the brain will affect the functioning of the brain as a whole. |
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Term
| Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus |
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Definition
| (Egyptian) earliest known record of loss of speech recoreded before 3500 BC |
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Term
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Definition
| (400 BC) Described cases distinguishing aphasia from other speech problems |
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Term
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Definition
| (1758-1828) was the firs man to relate speech to particular area of the brain, the first to clearly identify "gray" (neural functions) & white (conductive) matter. His patient was Rampan who had a posterior left frontal lobe sword wound, right hemiparesis and anomia. Gall died of a stroke in 1828. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of Gall's theories that postulated 27 discrete brain centers of behavior based on the outward appearance of the skull. Only two were confirmed: language and word memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Differentiated sensory & motor nerves and specified antonomic nervous system. |
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Term
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Definition
| 116/850 patients with frontal lobe lesions had speech defect. Strong supporter of localization. |
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Term
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Definition
| Antilocalizationist -- all brain parts had equal potential. if damaged, other areas would take over function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Professor of surgery & anthropology in Paris, discovered the motor speech area in the 3rd convolution. He first called aphasia "aphemia" |
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Term
| Carl Wernicke (1848-1905) |
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Definition
| German neurophsychiatrist who discovered "sensory aphasia" when he had a patient who had a stroke and was able to speak & hear, but barely understood what was said to him. |
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Term
| Controversy: Anti-localizationists |
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Definition
| Late 1800's & early 1900's - linked the impariment of language to the impairment of underlying intellectual capacity by applying general psychological principles and they formed psychological-based taxonomies explaining aphasia. |
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Term
| Origin of Simplistic concept: expressive vs. receptive |
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Definition
| screened 234 aphasic patients and concluded 3 types of aphasia: predominantly receptive, predominantly expressive, amensic |
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Term
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Definition
| discovered 2 types of aphasia: fluent and non-fluent. |
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Term
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Definition
| >5 words per utterance but without semantic meaning. |
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Term
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Definition
| <5 words per utterance and without syntactic features. |
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Term
| Contemporary viewpoint of aphasia |
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Definition
| Aphasia is both an anatomical (localized) and cognitive neurolinguistic disorder (syntax, semantic, pragmatic) |
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Term
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Definition
| Flaccid paralysis opposite side |
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Term
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Definition
| Cognitive deficits, distractability, personal/intellectual deterioration |
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Term
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Definition
| visual motor deficits, initiation of speech & cognition |
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Term
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Definition
| Motor speech deficits,less complicated dysarthria to Broca's aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
| inappropriate emotion & gestures to corresponding language. |
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Definition
| Lack of spontaneity; akinetic mutism |
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Definition
| unable to maintain motor act-tongue protrusion |
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Term
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Definition
| faulty judgment, memory, lability, disoriented |
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Term
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Definition
| indifferent; unconcerned; apathetic; unmotivated |
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Term
| Right frontal lobe pathology |
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Definition
| Aprosodia or dysprosodia, abulia, motor impersistence, confusion, and emotions |
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Term
| Right temporal lobe pahtology |
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Definition
| Low scores on perceptual & memory tasks; facial agnosia; impaired nonverbal auditory discrimination; tonal memory deficits; anterior tip: behavioral deficits |
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Term
| Right Parietal lobe pathology |
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Definition
| dressing apraxia; somatoagnosia; visual spatial deficits; facial agnosia; spatial dyslexia; spatial dysgraphia; arithmetic difficulties; writing problems; construction aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
| visual association areas, unable to recognize objects on the basis of visual information although visual acuity is normal. |
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Term
| Language-based communication disorder |
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Definition
| An impairment of comprehension or production of communication secondary to cognitive, linguistic, and/or pragmatic impairment. |
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Term
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Definition
| processes by which sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated stored, recovered and used. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes of language content, form & use |
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Definition
| rule-based processes for conversing with different partners & contexts & intitiating, maintaining & terminating discourse & conversation |
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Term
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Definition
| generalized intellectual deficit; apraxia of speech; sensory deficit; psychiatric disorder; dysarthria |
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Term
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Definition
| motor speech incoordination/weakness disorder |
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Term
| ____% right handed are left hemisphere dominant for language |
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Definition
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Term
| ___% of left handers are left hemi dominant, ___ % right dominant and ___% have language competence in both hemispheres. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemisphere dominant for preferred hand is usually dominant for _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| When is brain dominance complete? |
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Definition
| studies of brain damaged children suggest that dominance is not complete before adulthood. |
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Term
| Anatomic model for spoken language (1) |
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Definition
| Auditory patterns with meaning (phonemes) stored in Wernicke's area in the left temporal lobe. Activated when a spoken word is recognized or when an intended word is to be spoken. |
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Term
| Anatomic model for spoken language (2) |
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Definition
| Word to be spoken, its auditory form (phoneme) is sent from Wernicke's area through supplemental motor area, cingulate gyrus & connections via the caudate nucleus to Broca's area then to primary motor cortex (atriculem). Sent via large fiber bundle(arcuate fasciculus) |
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Term
| Anatomic Model for Written language (1) |
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Definition
| Perception of written symbols (visulems) in primary visual cortex & visual association area of occipital lobe. Information sent to angular gyrus in parietal lobe. Symbols associated with acoustic image (phonemes) as meaningful word. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extremely non fluent; halting & labored speech production; misarticulations (paraphasias); agrammatic to very restricted vocabulary availability; grammar structures restricted to overlearned forms; naming difficutlies; auditory comprehension relatively intact, but is affected; reading mild to moderately affected; handwriting usually poor (hemiparalysis); resembles speech output |
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Term
| Anatomical Locus for Broca's aphasia |
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Definition
| 3rd inferior frontal convolution; close proximity to motor area of face, hand arm, leg on motor strip. |
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Term
| Phenomenology of Broca's Aphasia |
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Definition
| Linguistic difficulties arise from the inability to plan & execute coordinated sequences of movements necessary for fluent speech; not due to paralysis of speech muscles; structures cannot produce coordinated voluntary speech output without struggle; reflexive, automatic movements are normal. |
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Term
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Definition
| Extremely non-fluent; severe impairment across all modalities; little to no speech production; severe auditory comprehension deficit; inability to repeat or name; inability to write (severe paralysis); better copying than matching; inability to read; significant oral & limb apraxia & construction apraxia; emotionally labile. |
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Term
| Anatomical Locus of global aphasia |
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Definition
| Very large left frontal lobe lesion; may encompass entire middle cerebral artery coverage area (frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes) |
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Term
| Transcoritcal Motor Aphasia |
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Definition
| Non fluent aphasia; non-fluent verbal output within the context of relatively spared comprehension (Visual & auditory); no conversational speech; spared repetition for words & sentences; Reading ability variable; writing is always impaired. |
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Term
| Transcortical Motor Aphasia Anatomical locus |
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Definition
| An anterior "border zone" lesion -- vascular area where middle cerebral artery and frontal cerebral artery merge. Just anterior or superior to Broca's area and involving some subcortical areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| fluent aphasia -- significant auditory comprehension deficit (common names of objects; more significant for sentences); word finding severely restricted with speech content empty & with circumlocution. Speech may be rapid & unaware of output errors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of unintended word, syllables or phrases. |
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Term
| Literal Paraphasia (phonemic paraphasia) |
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Definition
| Easily articulated individual sounds; syllables in wrong order; word distortion with unintended sounds |
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Term
| verbal paraphasia (semantic paraphasia) |
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Definition
| Unintended word inavertently used in place of another. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Wernickes'a Aphasia anatomical locus |
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Definition
| Entire posterior portion of the first temporal gyrus. Lesions spreading more posterior into angular gyrus area may produce severe reading & writing disorders. |
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Term
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Definition
| AKA disconnect syndrome -- speech fluent but with significant phonemic paraphasias; tries to correct errors; may resemble stutter-like blocking; relatively preserved auditory comprehension; significant anomia; remarkably preserved auditory comprehension; significant anomia; remarkably poor repetition of words/sentences; reading comprehension relatively well-preserved; oral reading mirrors speech output; writing selectively impaired paralleling speech output. |
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Term
| Conduction aphasia anatomical locus |
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Definition
| A selective white matter lesion of the arcuate fasciculus; lesions more likely in the supramarginal gyrus area. |
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Term
| Transcortical sensory aphasia |
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Definition
| Fluent and paraphasic; significantly impaired auditory comprehension; remarkably well-preserved repetition; aside from excellent repetition, appear very much like Wernicke's aphasics; Paraphasia: semantic word substitutions; severe anomia; reading & writing significatnly impaired. |
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Term
| Transcortical sensory anatomical locus |
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Definition
| Deep lesions in the angular gyrus area and between the posterior end of the Sylvan fissure and the teporo-occipital junction |
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Term
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Definition
| Notable word-finding failure affecting primarily nouns & words of high content values; may attempt vague circumlocution substitutions; speech is fluent-rate, syntactic form, articulation normal |
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Term
| Anomic Aphasia anatomical loci |
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Definition
| Angular gyrus, frontal lobe, inferior temporal gyrus; characteristics my vary with each location. |
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Term
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Definition
| Knowing classifications has merit; knowing if patient is Broca's or conduction is of limited value in treatment; SLPs must assess for all features of communication and make decisions for treatment based on clinical observations and not medical diagnoses or classifications. |
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