Term
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Definition
| boundaries for the broad divisions of the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| boundaries for the broad divisions of the cerebrum |
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Term
| Where is the Lateral sulcus/Sylvian fissure? |
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Definition
| Inferior frontal lobe (seperates frontal lobe from temporal lobe) |
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Term
| What is the other name for the Lateral Sulcus? |
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Definition
| Other name: Sylvian Fissure |
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Term
| What is the other name for the Rolandic Fissure? |
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Definition
| Other name: Central sulcus |
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Term
| Where is the central sulcus located? |
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Definition
| located between the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex (divides brain into anterior and posterior halves). |
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Term
| Where is the longitudinal fissure? |
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Definition
| located through the middle of the brain, dividing the left and right hemispheres |
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Term
| Which lobe comprises 1/3 of the surface of each right/left hemisphere? |
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Definition
| The frontal lobe comprises this fraction of the surface of the right/left hemispheres. |
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Term
| Which lobe represents the highest level of evolution? |
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Definition
| The frontal lobe represents this level of evolution and is larger than any other primate. |
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Term
| What three large areas are contained in the frontal lobe? |
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Definition
| The pre-frontal area, pre-motor area, and primary motor area are all contained in this lobe. |
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Term
| What is the main function of the pre-frontal area? |
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Definition
| Personality, emotional coloring, foresight, and complex decision-making are all functions of this area. |
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Term
| The pre-motor and primary motor areas of the frontal lobe are responsible for what movements? |
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Definition
| These are responsible for voluntary movements. |
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Term
| What part of the frontal lobe is often affected by stroke, with damage presenting as hemi-paresis on the opposite side of the body? |
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Definition
| The primary motor area of the frontal lobe is often affected by stroke which presents this symptoms. |
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Term
| Where is Broca's area located? |
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Definition
| This motor-speech area is located in the frontal lobe. |
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Term
| What is the pre-central gyrus comprised of in the anterior area from the central sulcus? |
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Definition
| The primary motor strip is also known as this area. |
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Term
| This area is responsible for voluntary control of muscles on the contralateral side. |
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Definition
| The primary motor area is responsible for control of this. |
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Term
| How is the motor strip arranged to the muscles? What is the term for this? |
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Definition
| The homunculus is the term used to decribe the map between these two parts of the body. |
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Term
| What is located immediately anterior to the primary motor area? |
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Definition
| The pre-motor or supplementary motor area is located here. |
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Term
What is Broca's area responsible for?
Remember: Non-fluent aphasia. |
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Definition
| This area is involved in the coordination or programming of motor movements for the production of speech sounds. |
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Term
| Is Broca's area directly involved in the motor movements of speech? |
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Definition
| Neuron fires in this area does not generate impulses |
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Term
| What area is also involved in syntax which involves the ordering of words in speech? |
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Definition
| The Broca's area is involved in syntax and this aspect of speech. |
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Term
| Damage to what part of the brain causes a person to speak disfluently but still able to understand the spoken words of others? |
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Definition
| Damage to Broca's area causes these symptoms in aphasia. |
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Term
| Because damage occurs on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe, broca's aphasia patients may also have this physical symptom. |
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Definition
| Contralateral hemiparesis of the face and upper extremity are physical symptoms of this aphasia due to location of the brain damage. |
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Term
| Neurons for control of the face and upper extremity are located on the lateral surface of the frontal lobe-- an area perfused by which artery? |
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Definition
| The middle cerebral artery is located near the lateral surface of this lobe responsible for face and upper extremity control. |
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Term
| Neurons responsible for control of your ass and lower extremities are located on the medial surface of the frontal lobe-- an area perfused by which artery? |
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Definition
| The anterior cerebral artery is located near this surface of the frontal lobe responsible for control of your ass and lower extremities. |
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Term
| What is the critical area for attention, short-term memory, motivation, and problem-solving? |
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Definition
| The frontal lobe in front of motor and pre-motor area are critical for these mental processes. |
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Term
| Disruption of social behavior, disinhibition, lack of initiative, and short-term memory problems are symptoms of damage to this area of the brain. |
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Definition
| Damage to the frontal lobe can cause these disturbances in mental processes. |
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Term
| The parietal lobe is located where? |
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Definition
| This lobe is located immediately posterior to the central sulcus and anterior to the occipital lobe (not separated by an natural boundary) |
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Term
| What natural boundary divides the parietal and temporal lobes? |
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Definition
| The lateral fissure separates these two lobes. |
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Term
| The parietal lobe is mainly associated with what function? |
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Definition
| This lobe is associated with sensation (touch, kinesthesia, warm/cold, vibration, etc)... remember Primary Somatosensory Cortex. |
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Term
| As far as language, the parietal lobe is involved in what processes? |
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Definition
| This lobe is involved in writing and some aspects of reading. |
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Term
| Post-central gyrus is another name for this area. |
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Definition
| Other name: primary sensory area or sensory strip |
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Term
| These two gyri are located in the parietal lobe. |
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Definition
| The supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus are located in this lobe. |
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Term
| This gyrus curves around the posterior end of the lateral Sylvian fissure and damage to it can cause conduction aphasia and agraphia. |
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Definition
| The supramarginal gyrus curves around the back end of this fissure and damage can cause these symptoms. |
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Term
| This gyrus lies directly posterior to the supramarginal gyrus and curves around the end of prominant sulcus in the temporal lobe and is involved in the recognition of visual symbols. |
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Definition
| The angular gyrus lies directly posterior to this other gyrus and curves around the prominant sulcus in this lobe. |
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Term
| Damage in the dominant hemisphere of the parietal lobe can cause these symptoms. |
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Definition
| Word-finding problems (anomia), reading/writing deficits (alexia/agraphia), left-right disorientation, finger agnosia, and acalculia are all symptoms of damage to the dominant hemisphere of this lobe. |
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Term
| Acalculia is a condition where patients are unable to perform what tasks? |
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Definition
| This condition means a patient is unable to perform simple mathematical processes... some as simple as counting. |
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Term
| Where is the temporal lobe located? |
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Definition
| This lobe is located below the frontal and parietal lobes and in front of the occipital lobe. |
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Term
| This lobe is bound superiorly by the lateral fissure and an imaginary line anteriorly. |
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Definition
| Temporal lobe is bound by these natural lines. |
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Term
| This lobe is associated with auditory processing and olfaction. |
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Definition
| The temporal lobe is associated with these functions. |
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Term
As far as language, the temporal lobe is responsible for what functions?
Remember: Wernicke's Area |
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Definition
| Processes for semantics (word meaning) are located in this lobe. |
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Term
| Since these two major areas are in the temporal lobe, damage to it can contribute to language disorders in additional ways. |
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Definition
| The Primary Auditory Cortex/Herschl's gyrus, which are the cortical center for hearing, are located in this lobe. |
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Term
| Wernicke's area, located in the temporal lobe, is responsible for what language processes? |
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Definition
| This area is responsible for critical comprehension and formulation of both spoken and written language. |
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Term
| The occipital lobe is located where? |
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Definition
| This lobe is the small area behind the parietal lobe and does not have prominant sulci for boundaries. |
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Term
| What processes are involved in the occipital lobe? |
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Definition
| Vision and visual processing, as well as recognition of shapes and colors are located within this lobe. |
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Term
| What are the three major types of connecting fibers in the brain? |
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Definition
| Projection fibers, association fibers, and commissure fibers |
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Term
| Projection fibers connect what in the brain? |
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Definition
| These fibers connect the cortex and subcortical structure like the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and brain stem. |
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Term
| Projection fibers connect what in the brain? |
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Definition
| These fibers connect the cortex and subcortical structure like the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and brain stem. |
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Term
| Association fibers connect what within the brain? |
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Definition
| These fibers connect structure within a hemisphere. |
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Term
| The arcuate fasciculus is the most important fiber of this type and connects broca's and wernicke's areas. |
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Definition
| This is the most important association fiber and connects what two areas? |
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Term
| The arcuate fasciculus is important for what two language-related processes? |
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Definition
| Verbal memory and meaningful language production are dependent on this major association fiber. |
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Term
| Commissure fibers connect in this fashion. |
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Definition
| These fibers run horizontally and connect structures between the two hemispheres. |
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Term
| The corpus callosum, which connects the two hemispheres at their bases, is the major connective fiber of this type. |
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Definition
| This is the most important type of commissure fibers. |
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Term
| Damage to the corpus callosum can result in what symptoms? |
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Definition
| Damage to this major commissure fiber can result in disconnection syndromes involving problems in naming, reading, and other functions. |
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Term
| What is the most common cause of aphasia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Brain uses what percent of blood at one time and this percent of O2 to function maximally? |
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Definition
| 20% of blood and 25% of O2 is used by this part of the body at any one time. |
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Term
| 5-8 seconds of circ interruption may result in what? |
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Definition
| Unconsciousness is the result of this many seconds of circ interruption. |
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Term
| 20-25 seconds of blood deprivation in the brain can result in this? |
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Definition
| Elimination of electrical activity in the brain can result in this many seconds of blood deprivation in the brain. |
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Term
| 4-6 minutes of vascular interruptions can result in this? |
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Definition
| Irreversible brain damage can result in this amount of time. |
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Term
| The two arterial systems that the brain receives blood from are these. |
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Definition
| The carotid artery and vertebral basilar artery supply blood here. |
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Term
| The external carotid artery supplies blood here. |
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Definition
| Facial muscles, forehead, oral/nasal/orbital cavities (extracranial tissue) receive blood from this artery. |
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Term
| The internal carotid artery delivers blood here. |
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Definition
| This artery is the major source of blood to the brain through two major brances - ACA and MCA. |
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Term
| The vertebral basilar artery is a major source of blood to the brain through this cerebral artery. |
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Definition
| The posterior cerebral artery (PCA) supplies blood to the brain through this artery. |
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Term
| These are the three main cortical arteries. |
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Definition
| Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA), Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA), and Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA) |
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Term
| Which hemisphere holds the majority of language processes? |
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Definition
| The left hemisphere holds the majority of these processes. |
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Term
| What part of the brain receives it's blood supply from the ACA? |
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Definition
| The mesial and orbital sectors of frontal lobe AND mesial sectors of temporal lobe get their blood supply from this artery. |
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Term
| What part of the brain receives it's blood supply from the MCA? |
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Definition
| Most of the inferior and lateral sectors of the temporal lobe, lateral sectors of frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes get their blood from this artery. |
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Term
| What part of the brain receives it's blood supply from the PCA? |
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Definition
| The mesial of occipital and temporal lobes get their blood from this artery. |
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Term
| Which of the major cerebral arteries is most commonly affected by CVAs? |
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Definition
| The MCA is most commonly affected by these. |
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Term
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Definition
Medial surface of the cortex as far back as parietal-temporal-occipital sulcus
AND
upper & anterior frontal lobes and anterior corpus callosum |
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Term
| Why do infarctions in the ACA rarely lead to aphasia? |
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Definition
Since it is out of the primary language zone, infarctions in this artery rarely lead to aphasia.
Other disruptions: paralysis (motor cortex), pragmatics/planning/reasoning, impaired judgment/inhibition/concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
| This artery supplies most of the outer convex brain surface, basal ganglia, and posterior and anterior internal capsules. |
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Term
| CVAs in the MCA present with symptoms of: |
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Definition
| CVAs in this artery may create impairments like hemiparesis, visual deficits/neglect, aphasia, and apraxia. |
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Term
| This artery is least commonly affected by strokes but tend to involve migrainous strokes |
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Definition
| The PCA is least likely to be involved in CVAs but do tend to involve this type of stroke. |
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Term
| Common etiologies for PCA CVAs include: |
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Definition
| Embolization from heart, the aortic arch, vertebral artery, basilar artery, and intrinsic atherosclerosis or vasospasm |
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Term
| Impairments for CVAs of the PCA include: |
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Definition
| visual field loss, visual agnosia, disorders of facial recognition, alexia, d/o color vision, and memory loss |
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Term
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Definition
| generic term for a disturbance of brain function caused by sudden vascular disruptions |
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Term
| What are the two types of strokes? |
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Definition
| Ischemic (occlusive) vascular pathology (thrombosis or embolism) and Hemorrhagic (bleeding from ruptured vessels) are the two types of these. |
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Term
| This type of ischemic stroke is due to occlusion of a smaller artery by a clot moving peripherally |
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Definition
| An Embolism is a type of this kind of stroke. |
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Term
| Thrombosis strokes are due to occlusion at atherosclerotic lesions and can occur during this time of day: |
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Definition
| These strokes occue during sleep and periods of low physical activity. |
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Term
| Recurring HAs are a warning sign for this type of hemorrhagic stroke. |
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Definition
| This is a warning sign for a arteriovenous malformation type of stroke |
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Term
| TIAs, HA, and seizures are warning signs for thrombosis, ischemic strokes. |
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Definition
| TIAs, HA, and seizures are warning signs for thrombosis ischemic strokes. |
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Term
| This type of stroke accounts for about 80% of all CVAs. |
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Definition
| Ischemic/Occlusive vascular pathologies account for this percent of CVAs |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow process in which blood particles and fatty deposits accumulate along inner walls and cause narrowing |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic disease of thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of arterial walls result in impaired blood circulation |
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Term
| Cerebral Embolisms come from: |
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Definition
| These strokes are caused by clots that form at another location (heart/large arteries of chest/neck) and a portion of the clot breaks off, travels to brain until it reaches a vessel to small to pass |
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Term
| Thrombus (blood clot) develops at a clogged part of the vessel and... |
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Definition
| this occurs in larger arteries where there's a change in direction and slowly builds until there's a clog |
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Term
| TIAs are mini-warning signs with an obstruction but then this happens |
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Definition
| In this warning sign, the clots generally resolve themselves over time but still indicate occlusions |
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Term
| Ischemic strokes have immediate effects including: |
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Definition
| these strokes have immediate effects that include cell necrosis (death leaving cavities), edema (reducing function of surrounding live cells), and reduced blood flow |
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Term
| Hemorrhagic CVAs account for 20% and result from this: |
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Definition
| weakened cerebral blood vessel that ruptures and bleeds into surrounding brain causing pressure is the cause of this type of stroke |
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Term
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Definition
| a ballooning of a weakened region of a blood vessel and may rupture if left untreated |
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Term
| Arteriovenous malformation (AVM) includes: |
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Definition
| cluster of abnormally formed, twisted, and tangled blood vessels |
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Term
| 40-60% of aphasias evolve and can be re-classified |
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Definition
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Term
| Spontaneous recovery happens without Tx and may be due to: |
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Definition
| Resolution of local factors such as edema, absorption of damaged tissue, and improvement in circulation can account for this type of recovery |
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Term
| Plasticity of the brain refers to |
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Definition
| the ability of the brain to reorganize and modify functions adapting to internal or external changes |
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Term
| Neuroplasticity exists and poses both challenges and opportunities |
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Definition
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Term
| What are personal factors that affect stroke prognosis |
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Definition
| age, handedness, gender, and psychosocial factors |
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Term
| Which strokes recover at which rates? |
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Definition
| Ischemic strokes have greater/sooner recovery whereas hemorrhagic have more rapid recovery after 4-8wks |
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Term
| Risk factors of stroke include: |
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Definition
| HTN, Heart Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, High Cholesterol, Smoking |
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