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o Primary means of communication (spoken or written)
• Transmitted through learning as part of enculturation
• Based on arbitrary, learned associations between words and the things they represent
• Based on Symbolic Communication |
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limited number of sounds that are produced in response to specific stimuli
(cannot be combined) |
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| a chimpanzee, eventually acquired vocabulary of over 100 American Sign Language signs |
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| Mutated gene FOXP2 helps explain why humans speak and chimps do not |
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| dictionary containing all its morphemes and their meanings |
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| forms in which sounds combine to form morphemes |
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| Arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences |
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| Arrangement and order of words in phrases and sentences |
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| language’s meaning system |
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| study of how speakers of particular languages use sets of terms to organize, o categorize, their experiences and perception |
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| investigates relationships between social and linguistic variation, or language in its social context |
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| The concept that the human brain contains a limited set of rules for organizing language so that all languages have a common structural basis. |
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| A sound contrast that makes a difference and changes the meaning. |
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| Studies only the significant sound contrasts of a given language. |
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| The study of speech sounds in general, what people actually say in various languages. |
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| Languages that form at a time of acculturation. |
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| More mature versions of Pidgins, with native speakers and grammatical rules |
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- Argued that the grammatical categories of different languages lead their speakers to think about things in a particular way.
- Ex: He She pronouns focusing on male and female differences in english vs. other languages not |
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Set of words describing particular domains of experience
- Ex: Cattle Farmer knowing more words for cattle and a Skier knowing more words for Snow |
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| Varying one's speech in different social contexts. |
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| Language with formal (high) and informal (low) dialects |
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| Points out the diversity of languages in a particular region |
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Terms of respect; used to honor people.
(Dr. Mr. Mrs. Professor) |
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| Concept that displays the social evaluation of dialect |
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| Black English Vernacular (BEV) |
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| - Rule - governed dialect spoken by some African Americans |
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| Words that sound the same but have different meanings |
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| Studies language over time |
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| The original language to several daughter languages. |
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| Languages that descend from the same parent language. |
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| Endangered and Dead Languages |
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| Languages die when the last speaker dies with it. |
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| Study of communication through body movements and facial expressions. |
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Men in the US avoid looking directly at each other while speaking, while women look.
Men also sprawl out in conversation. Women will sprawl out around other women but around men they will tighten up. |
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| Body Language and Social Class Interaction |
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Definition
Brazil - Limp handshakes to our superiors
Japan - Bowing
Madagascar - Do not hold heads over the higher status members |
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Humans use language to adapt.
Permits us to gain access to information stored by a human society before them.
Also allows us to talk about things we've never experienced. |
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| This means humans can talk about things that are not present. |
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| Vocabulary surpasses that of any chimp as she has used over 700 sign language signs |
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| Creating new expression that are comprehensible to other speakers. |
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| Transmission through learning, basic to language |
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| Language vs. Call Systems |
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| Language is far more complex than call systems are |
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Primates cannot combine calls.
If danger and food are both present, they may only make calls for one. |
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| identification with an ethnic group |
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| One among several culturally distinct groups in a society or region |
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| Social statuses based on little or no choice. A status that is given. |
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| Any position that determines where someone fits into society. |
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Social statuses based on choices or accomplishments.
(Physician, Senator, Convicted Felon, Sales Person, College Student) |
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| Ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis. |
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| Situational Negotiation of Identity |
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Definition
One identity is used in certain settings, another in different ones.
(Mother and Senator for instance) |
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| Discrimination against an ethnic group assumed to have a biological basis. |
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| An organism’s evident traits, its physiology and anatomy, including skin color, hair form, facial features, and eye color. |
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Genotype is what you are genetically.
Phenotype is what your expressed physical traits are. |
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| Assigning organisms to categories based on common ancestry. |
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“natural sun screen” produced by skin cells responsible for pigmentation
Darker Skin = More Melanin |
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Definition
| Within the tropics skin color is darker than outside of the tropics. |
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| Darker skin in Tropics is an example of natural selection - Allows the darker skinned people to deflect a lot of radiation. |
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| We see lighter skinned people outside of the tropics because they needed to maximize the absorption of Vitamin D. |
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Definition
Human body needs folate to produce new DNA.
UV Rays destroys folate. |
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| Social identity based on ancestry |
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| Children assigned to the same group as the minority parent. |
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Resident of Louisiana who discovered black ancestry.
She was brought up white but was listed colored on her birth certificate.
This was because she had "1/32nd negro blood" |
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| Society sharing a language, religion, history, territory, ancestry, and kinship. |
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| Stratified society with formal, central government |
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| An autonomous political entity; a country |
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| Ethnic groups that have, once had, or want, their own country. |
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| Long-term foreign domination of a territory and its people. |
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| (Japan) Discrimination against the Burakumin is strikingly like the discrimination that blacks have experienced in the U.S. |
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| Class - structured with differences in wealth, prestige, and power. |
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| Nationalities will be considered this when they become nation states as many of their members will not meet. |
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Definition
Absorption of minorities within a dominant culture.
No longer exists as a separate cultural unit. |
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Society with economically interdependent ethnic groups.
An ethnic group can combine with the majority without being consumed. |
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| View of cultural diversity as valuable and worth maintaining. |
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| Devaluing a group because of its assumed attributes. |
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| Policies and practices that harm a group and its members. |
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de facto - practiced but not legally sanctioned
de jure - part of the law |
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| Fixed ideas about what members of a group are like. |
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| Deliberate elimination of a group through mass murder. |
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| Destruction of cultures of certain ethnic groups. |
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| People who flee a country to escape persecution or war. |
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| Aims at removing groups who are culturally different from a country. |
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| Internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others. |
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| Means of making a living; productive systems. |
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| Yehudi Cohen's Adaptive Strategies Typology |
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Definition
-Foraging
-Horticulture
-Agriculture
-Pastoralism
-Industrialism |
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Term
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Definition
| All Foragers rely on (WILD) natural resources for subsistence |
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Definition
| small group of fewer than 100 people related by kinship or marriage (Foragers) |
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| -One characteristic of foraging is being mobile. |
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