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-The study of the human species and its immediate ancestors.
-Study is holistic (past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture) |
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| -Investigates human biological diversity across time and space. |
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Study of human society and culture.
The sub-field that describes, analyzes, interprets and explains social and cultural similarities and differences.
Combines ethnography and ethnology. |
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| Archeology / Archaeological Anthropology |
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| The study of human cultural diversity and variation in time and space through studying the remains of human societies. |
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| The study of language in its social and cultural context across space and time. |
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| The application of any of anthropological data, perspectives, theory, and techniques to indentify, assess, and solve contemporary social problems |
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| Interested in the whole of the human condition: past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture. |
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| Set of ideas formulated to explain something |
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| Suggested but unverified explanations |
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-Draws upon data collected by a series of researchers
-Comparative / Cross Cultural |
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-Requires fieldwork to collect data
-Group / Community Specific |
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-Cultural adaptation
-Genetic adaptation
-Long-term physiological or developmental adaptation
-Immediate physiological adaptation |
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| Refers to the processes by which organisms cope with environmental forces and stresses |
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| Explain Anthropology as a Science |
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| A systematic field of study that uses experiments, observations, and deduction to produce reliable explanations of phenomena |
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| Explain Anthro as a Humanity |
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| The study and cross-cultural comparison of languages, texts, philosophies, arts, music’s, performances, and other forms of creative expression. |
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| Means to take part in community study while participating in it. |
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| Comparing the customs of one society with that of another. |
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| Linton Definition of Culture |
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| The sum of total ideas, conditioned emotional responses, and patterns of habitual behavior… acquired through instruction or imitation and shared to a greater or lesser degree |
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| Goodenough Definition of Culture |
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| A society’s culture consists of whatever a person needs to know or believe in in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members and to do so in any role that they accept for any one of themselves. |
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| Spradley and McCurdy Definition of Culture |
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| The acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior |
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| The process by which a child learns his or her culture. |
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| The concept that we learn our culture through others. |
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| Why is culture considered integrated? |
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| If you change one thing, many things change with it |
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| Why is culture considered a complex whole? |
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| Norms, behaviors, cultural production, language, art, adaptations to the environment, and others all play into culture. |
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| Tendency to view one’s own culture as superior and to use one’s own standards and values to judge others |
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| The position that the values and standards of cultures differ and deserve respect. |
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| Culture is learned through society by using symbols. |
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| Shared beliefs, values, memories, and expectations link people who grow up in the same culture |
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| The accelerating interdependence of nations in a world system linked economically and through mass media and modern transportation systems. |
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| The actions of individuals, alone or in groups, that create and transform culture. |
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| Any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla. |
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Hominids without the african apes.
All the human species that have ever existed. |
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| Means threatening the groups continued existence. |
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| An exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact. |
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| Borrowing of cultural traits between societies. |
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| The independent development of a cultural feature in different societies |
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Universal traits are ones that more or less distinguish Homo sapiens from other species
-i.e complex brain, incest taboo, similar way of thinking and processing |
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Regularities that occur in different times and places but not in all cultures
-i.e. Invention, Nuclear Family living together, Diffusion |
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Traits or features of culture not generalized or widespread
-i.e. Independent Invention |
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| Rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and regions. |
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| Rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies. |
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| systems of human behavior and thought |
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| Tylor Definition of Culture |
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| "Culture... is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society" |
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| Signs that have no necessary or natural connection to the things they signify or for which they stand. |
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| Cultural Change Mechanisms |
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-Diffusion
-Acculturation
-Independent Invention |
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| Humans create life long ties with their children where as other primates disperse at adolescence |
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-Anthropologists use surveys in larger scale societies.
-More impersonal than ethnography |
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-Father of four field American anthropology.
-Showed human biology was plastic (adaptable) |
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-International
-National
-Subculture |
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| Different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same nation. |
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| Approach focusing on role of socio-cultural practices in social systems. |
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| Histories are not compatible; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result. |
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| native-oriented approach investigates how natives think, categorize the word, express thoughts, and interpret stimuli. |
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| science – oriented approach emphasizes the categories interpretations, and features that the anthropologist considers important. |
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-Direct observation (Participant Observation)
-Varying degrees of conversation
-The Genealogical Method
-Work with key consultants of the community
-In depth interviewing
-Discovery of local beliefs and perceptions
-Problem oriented research
-Longitudinal research - the cotinuous long term study of an area or site
-Team research - coordinated research by multiple ethnographers |
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- Father of ethnography
- Salvaged ethnography by preserving cultures threatened by westernization
- His ethnographies were scientific accounts of unknown people and places |
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| Trobriand Argonauts of the Western Pacific |
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| Book written by Bronislaw Malinowski |
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The writer’s goal is to produce an accurate, objective, scientific account of the study community.
Rooted in research of that ethnographer |
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Proposed unilinear evolutionism in a path in religion:
animism, polytheism, monotheism, and science. |
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Proposed unilinear evolutionism in a path in religion:
animism, polytheism, monotheism, and science. |
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-Believed human society had evolved through savagery, barbarism, and civilization (unilinear evolutionism)
-Subdivided savagery and barbarism into three substages each: lower, middle, upper |
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| First ever ethnography written by Lewis Morgan |
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| Unilinear evolutionism (Morgan vs. Tylor) |
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Tylor - animism, polytheism, monotheism, and science
Morgan - savagery, barbarism, and civilization |
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| View of culture as integrated and patterned |
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| culture evolved along different lines |
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| based on belief that humans had set of universal biological needs and customs, institutions filled these needs. |
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| function to preserve the social structure |
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| Examined how rebellion and conflict were regulated and dissipated, thus maintaining the system. |
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| Tendency to see things as functioning to maintain the system in the most optimal way possible |
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-Student of Franz Boas
-Believed that human nature was plastic
-Believed that culture determines variation in human behavior |
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| Cultural traits that are related to one another |
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| Regions that cultural traits were shared within |
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| Superorganic is what we humans possess that other apes do not |
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| study of symbols in their social and cultural context |
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| Interpretive Anthropology |
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| Defined culture as ideas based on cultural learning and symbols (Geertz) |
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| Branch of applied anthropology that focuses on social issues in, and the cultural dimension of, economic development |
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| Religion, ideology, play determined by structure and infrastructure |
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| Although individuals differ in their emotional and intellectual tendencies and capacities, all human populations have equivalent capacities for culture. |
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| - Urged social anthropologists to focus on the role that particular practices play in the life of societies today. -Studied cultures as they were that day rather than over time. |
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| Weakest structural and economic position in the world system. |
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| Idea that a discernible social system, based on wealth and power differentials, transcends individual country. |
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| Dominant position in the world system; nations with advanced systems of production. |
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| Anthropological study of cities and urban life. |
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| Study of students in the context of their family, peers, and enculturation. |
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| The comparative, bio cultural study of disease, health problems, and health-care systems. |
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| A condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual. |
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| A scientifically identified health threat caused by a known pathogen. |
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| Beliefs, customs, and specialists concerned with preventing and curing illness. |
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| One who diagnoses and treats illness. |
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| A health-care system based on scientific knowledge and procedures. |
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| Applied anthropologists have acted as "cultural brokers"by translating managers' goals or workers' concerns to the other group. |
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| Trying to achieve too much change. |
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| Seeing less-developed countries as all the same; ignoring cultural diversity. |
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-Considered father of anthropology and sociology
-Durkheim called for new social science to be based in the "conscience collectif" |
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| Combining biological and cultural approaches to a given problem. |
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| claimed human minds have certain -Universal characteristics (mental structures), which originate in in common feature of Homo sapiens’ brain. |
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